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MANI-MALA,
OR
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
RAJA SOTOINDRO MOHUN JAGORE, Mus. Doc., j
ti t> o T nrr» t c<
KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF LEOPOLD, BELGIUM ;
OF THE FIRST CLASS OF THE ORDER OF ALBERT, SAXONY ;
AND OF THE MOST EXALTED ORDER OF FRANCIS JOSEPH, AUSTRIA ;
CHEVALIER OF THE ROYAL PORTUGUESE MILITARY ORDER OF CHRIST J
AND OF THE SECOND CLASS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF MEDJIDIE, TURKEY ; *
FRANC CHEVALIER OF THE ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS OF THE HOLY SAVIOUR |
AND OF THE FIRST CLASS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER OF THE “ PAOU SING,”
r\X> (i T>T>T?r'Tr\TTC2 CTIAT) flUTM A •
KNIGHT OF HONOR OF THE ORDER OF CABALLAROS HOSPITALAROS, SPAIN ; j
OAVALIERE d’ONORE OF AREOPAGO DEI DECORATI DI TUTTE LE NAZIONI, LIVORNO ; )
FREE COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE WHITE CROSS OF THB
[HUMANITARIAN ACADEMY, LEGHORN ;
HONORARY PATRON OF THE SOCIETY OF SCIENCE, LETTERS AND ART, LONDON ;
SOCIO ONORARIO OF CIRCOLO EDUCATIVO VITTORIO EMANUELE IN VINCENZA ;
OF BIBLIOTECA POPULARE CIRCOLANTI VINCENZO MONTI DI ALPHONSINE ;
OF ASSOCIAZIONE GIOVANILE SALERNITANA ;
OF ACCADEMIA LETTERARIA LAZZARO PAPI DI LUCCA 3
AND OF THE ATENEO ALESSANDRO MANZONI ISTITUITO AD UTILITA DELL*
NAPLES ; PRESIDENTE ONORARIO OF THE HOSPITALIERS D ? AFRIQUE, ALGERIA ; l
SOCIO PROTETTORE CIRCOLO VITTORIO EMANUELE FILANTROPICO LETTERARIO >
ARTISTICO MUSICALE BELLINI, CATANIA; &C. J &C. 5 &C.
Printed by I. C. Bose & Co., Stanhope Press, 249, Bow-Bazar Strbit,
F. R. S.L., M.R. A. S.,
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
OF MONT REAL, JERUSALEM, RHODES, AND MALTA ;
KNIGHT OF THE GURKHA STAR OF SARAS VATI, NEPAUL ;
OF THE ORDER OF BASABA-MALA, SIAM ;
ISTRUZIONI E DELL 7 EDUCAZIONE PUBBLICA IN ITALIA, FERMO ;
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, CEYLON ;
OF THE FIRST CLASS OF ACADEMIE MONT REAL ;
AND OF THE ACADEMIE d’ AEROSTATION METEOROLOGIQUE, PARIS
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ORIENTAL MUSEUM, VIENNA J
AND OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, JAVA ;
DOTTORE DE MUSICA E DI LETTERE ACCADEMIA, NAPOLI ;
HONORARY PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,
MARSEILLES ; AND OF l! UNION VALDOTaINE, GENEVA ;
ONORARIO BENEMERITO OF CIRCOLO ACCADEMICO LA FLORA ITALICA,
PART II.
CALCUTTA:
and Published by the Author.
1881 .
[All rights reserved. ]
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1
1
Its properties
Where found « •
Engravings, &c. ...
The Chrysoprase.
Its properties
Where found
Cutting and engraving
Its price and uses
The Onyx.
Its properties .<•
Where found
Cutting, staining and engraving
The Onyx as known to the ancients
Its price and uses
Marvellous and medicinal properties
11
CONTENTS.
Pag e.
Its price and uses
• • • • •
. . .
524
Medicinal properties
•«< • • •
. . .
525
The Mocha-stone
... • •
...
)>
The Tourmaline.
Its properties
• • • • t
. . .
526
Where found
• • • • •
• . »
33
Mode of cutting ...
• • • •
. .
527
Its price and uses
• • t • •
• • «
33
The Cinnamon Stone
• • • t •
. .
528
The Violet Ruby
...
...
33
The Genesis of Gems according to Purinas
531
Division of Diamonds into castes
. #
555
Distinction of gender
...
557
The process of refining
' gems ...
...
559
General properties of
gems according to Sanscrit
me-
dical science . .
... ,,,
• • •
563
Particular properties of the Ruby
. .
)>
)> >>
33
Pearl
...
33
>> )>
33
Zircon
. .
565
)> >>
33
Topaz
. . .
33
>) >>
33
Coral
33
33 33
33
Diamond
. . .
567
33 33
93
Sapphire
HI
33
33 33
33
Lapis-lazuli ...
...
33
33 33
33
Emerald
569
33 33
33
Cat's-eye
• . .
33
33 33
33
Sun-stone
• • .
33
33 33
33
Chandrak^nta
. .
571
33 33
33
Crystal
. . .
33
33 33
33
Vaikranta
* . •
33
CONTENTS.
Ill
The Yieavs of the Sanscrit Astrologers on Gems.
Page .
The seats o£ the Gralias determined ... .. 573
111- stars and how to propitiate them by bestowal
of gems ... ... ... ... 575
What gems should be worn to ward off evil astral
influences ... ... ... .. }}
What jewelled ornaments should be worn for the above
purpose ... ... ... ... 577
The seats of kings determined
The thrones of kings determined
The lotus throne
The conch throne
The elephant throne
The swan throne
The lion throne ...
The beetle throne
The deer throne ...
The horse throne ...
The regal chowries
The regal umbrellas
The effect of setting pure Diamonds on the fronts of
the Palaces of Kings
The Vring^ra ascertained
The putting of gems on the ground interdicted
The fortune attending bestowal of gems for merit
Do. do. the wearing of gemmed orn
ments
The fortunes implied by dreams of gems . . .
The effect of seeing gems on the eve of a journey
The Rosary determined
The effect of wearing Rudrakshas with gems
577
579
581
583
585
587
589
>)
591
593
595
599
601
>>
603
605
607
}
IV
CONTENTS.
How to purify water by gems
Page.
609
The placing of cooked food in suitable vessels
...
)>
The setting of gems in temples
...
611
The effect of worshipping Sakti with a gemmed vessel
>>
The worship of Lakshmi with gems
...
613
The fortune obtained by worshipping gemmed
of goddesses ...
images
• • t
>>
The fortune acquired by worshipping gemmed
of Siva
images
617
The effect of worshipping Siva with gems
...
627
The worship of Siva by Nandi
r •
631
The religious merit obtained by worshipping
with gems
Krishna
• •
633
The bestowal of the Kalpa tree
» i •
645
Do. do. gemmed cow
% • •
647
Do. do. gemmed mountain ...
im
653
Do. do. Vrihi mountain
Ml
655
Do. do. Guradhenu
t • t
657
The Vaijayanti Rosary
• ft
659
History of the Kaustava ...
)>
The Anecdote of Chintamani
• • •
661
Do. do. Chintasiddlii
# • •
677
The Court of Yudhisthira
» •
703
Do. do. Indradyumna ... ...
l • C
709
Description of Dw£rk£
• • •
711
Do. do. Ayodhya
• • •
719
Do. do. the city of Kansa
« • t
721
The city of the King Chandra S'ekhara . .
• ••
723
The description of the city of Ahichchhatra
• •
725
The city of the Yaksha Purna-vadra described
incidentally ..
>>
Description of Yaikuntha ... ...
t •
729
,, „ Kailasa
f • •
733
CONTENTS.
v ^
Page.
Description of the city of the Nagas
...
737
| » >> Jagannatha's Temples, &c...
• •
741
9> „ Rasa-mandala
. . •
743
„ „ Radhik^s house
...
747
9> „ BhagabatFs car
...
749
„ „ the RadhiksPs car
...
753
The car of Chyabana
...
755
,, „ a certain righteous man
• .
757
Instructions of the Sage Vats^yana to Satrughna
...
759
Description of king Sumada ...
...
>)
Instructions issued by Bkarata on the return
of
Ramachandra
...
761
The sons of king Puslikala to their father
...
))
Description of Ramachandra* s Asvamedka
...
763
Coming of the Himalaya on the ceremony of P^rvati
Bestowal of alms by Bhagabati at the Upanayana of
Krishna
. . .
765
Bestowal of gems by Vasudeva and Devald for
the
welfare of Krishna ... •••
• 4 •
}>
Bestowal of gems by the gods on the occasion of the
birth of Ganesa
• t •
767
j Bestowal of gems on Ganesa by the gods,..
771
The installation of K^rtika ...
• » •
775
The birth of Vaishy^nara (Fire)
• •
>>
Description of Radha*s beauty
• ft
779
Radhika to Krishna ...
• • •
»
The beauty of Krishna
r«|
781
Description of Yamana
• t •
>>
Beauty of Viraja ...
I 1 •
783
Sacred Jewels.
Ancient and modern jewelry
• •
784
M
VI
CONTENTS.
\
APPENDICES.
The properties of precious stones
Mosaic ... ... ...
Enamels
Pastes
Selling prices of precious stones — past and present • •
The Imperial State Crown of England
Wedding rings .. .. .. ...
Diamonds and sham Diamonds . .
The Imperial State Crown of France
Copy of a list of gems in the French regalia, taken
by command of Napoleon, in 1810
The peacock- throne of Shahjehan
The Taj Mehal ...
Page.
811
825
828
831
836
839
842
843
851 j
853
854
855 ji
Views or Arabic and Persian Writers on Gems
and Stones.
The formation of Stones ... ... ... 856
The Diamond.
Its properties, varieties, &c.
Marvellous and medicinal properties
.. 858
.. 860
Ruby.
(а) Yacut. Its varieties, &c. ...
Marvellous and medicinal virtues
(б) Lai
Medicinal properties
.. 861
.. 864
• 865
.. 866
Cat’s-eye.
Its varieties, &c.
Marvellous and medicinal properties
Pearl.
Pearl
Marvellous and medicinal properties
• • •
867
868
869
871
CONTENTS.
VU
Coral.
Page.
Its varieties, &c., &c.
...
• ft
874
Marvellous and medicinal properties
• t •
875
The Emerald,
Its properties, varieties, &c. ...
» » I
...
876
Marvellous and medicinal properties
...
877
ZuBURZUD.
Its varieties and properties
• ••
• M
880
Marvellous and medicinal virtues
...
• II
»
The Turquoise.
Its properties, varieties, &c. ...
...
Ml
882
Marvellous and medicinal properties
Ml
II •
883
Agate.
Its varieties, &c.
• • •
• II
884
Marvellous and medicinal virtues
III
IM
885
Basud.
Basud
. « «
Ml
887
Marvellous and medicinal properties
• • •
...
888
The process of burning Basud
Ml
• 1 •
889
The Eshub.
Its properties, varieties, &c. ...
• • •
...
890
Marvellous and medicinal properties
• ••
»
Other kinds of Stones.
Huzrul AhamaSr (L&tl) ...
* . .
892
,, Ababi
• M
...
yy
,, Aslifa • • « . . .
III
...
)>
„ Asli^kef ... ...
• t •
...
893
✓ /
„ Afroge or Afrodi
III
• II
yy
„ Afreld ...
» * •
...
894
„ Anag^tes ...
» • *
• I .
yy
,, Bar ala »#* .*•
1 « l
Ill
y>
* S
sri
V» ^ Vlll CONTENTS.
Page.
Huzrul Bahari ... ... ...
• M
895
yf Bohn a ••• •••
...
896
„ Baram ...
}}
^ Bar
>>
„ Bukur
897
Its medicinal properties
898
Huzrul Bellaor ... •••
...
899
Views oe the Modern Hindusthanx Jaharis
(Jewellers).
: The eiglity-four Sungs
Conventional terms used by the Jaliaris in
valuing
901
gems and jewels
...
935
Nepaul.
\ Nepaul
...
938
| Burma and Siam.
Burma and Siam...
...
>>
| Hira
• • •
939
j M£mk ••• ... ...
940
Nila
...
941
\ Names of the nine precious gems
...
>}
China and Japan.
| China and Japan ...
• • •
942
\ Names of the nine precious gems as known in
Canton
945
Apghanisthan.
| Afghanisthan ... ...
• . .
945
Egypt.
Egypt
949
| Names of the nine precious gems
...
955
North and South America.
| North and South America
...
955
©/€*, — ~ — : —
CONTENTS.
IX
Antartica and Polynesia.
Antartica and Polynesia
Page.
... 956
Australasia
Australasia.
• •• • • • « * •
... 956
Malayasia
Malayasia.
*00 • • • 0 9
.. 957
Ceylon
Ceylon.
... 957
The Chemical Analysis of Precious Stones.
Beryl: Emerald ...
. •*
964
Calcedony
0 0 0
>>
Diamond
*•0
965
Garnet
• • .
)>
Lapis-lazuli
• •
)>
Opal
.00
966
Peridot Chrysolite
C •
jj
Sapphire: Ruby: Oriental Topaz
• •
3 )
Spinel and Balais . ... ...
« . .
967
Topaz
• . «
»
Turquoise
...
»
Zircon
...
968
Table of weights and patterns of the largest known
Diamonds and other Precious Stones ...
970
General remarks upon the term “Carat” ...
• •
974
Table of the distinguishing characteristics of gems
9 4 9
976
Names of stones in different languages . .
• •
984
Precious stones arranged according to their colors
• • •
987
The Bibliography of Precious Stones
• • •
988
Rajali Rajendra Mulliek’s Collection of Rough Stones
1016
The Ring of Strength
0 0 0
1017
X
CONTENTS.
Synonyms for the term u Jewel” as used in the Vedic
Page .
works
. .
M# • •
• • •
1018
Sanscrit Synonyms
for the term “ J ewel”
• •
yy
Synonyms for the
term (t
Diamond” as used
in the
Vedic works . .
• * • •
• •
yy
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term “ Diamond”
• .
1019
yy
yy
yy
, “ Ruby”...
v • •
yy
yy
yy
yy
« Cat’s- eye”
1020
yy
yy
yy
“Pearl” ..
...
yy
yy
yy
yy
“Zircon”...
...
1021
yy
yy
yy
“ Coral” . .
• • #
yy
yy
yy
yy
“ Emerald”
...
yy
yy
yy
yy
“Topaz” ...
• .
yy
yy
yy
yy
“ Sapphire”
•# *
1022
The occult powers of Gems and Precious Stones •• 1023
List of works consulted ... a ... ... 1034
List of gentlemen from whom the Author has received
help in collecting materials for the Manimala ... 1038
Concluding Remarks ... ... ... 1039
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Dudley Diamond ••
The Twin Diamond
The Mattam Diamond . . .
The Orloff ...
Austrian Yellow Brilliant
The Cumberland Diamond
The Sancy ...
The Hope Blue Diamond
The Polar Star
Dresden Green Brilliant
The Eugenie
The Florentine Brilliant ^side view)
The Brunswick Blue Diamond
Hope Blue Diamond ...
The Hope Blue Diamond
Indian Diamond
Diamond (Cape Octahedron)
Star of the South
Ditto ditto
Nassac Diamond
The Stewart Diamond . .
Drop-shaped Brilliant ...
The Shah ..
The Pigott Diamond
Diamond Sand
The Koh-i-noor
Ditto
Ditto
The Regent or Pitt Diamond
The Koh-i-noor before re-cutting
Reference to page.
18 1
tt 1 .
11
ILLUSTRATIONS.
81.
The Regent
.. 170
32.
Cup o£ the Ptolemies ..
• . •
33.
Charles the Bold's Diamond
.. 176
34.
Diamond Matrix
35.
Tavernier's Blue Diamond (Rough) . . .
... 152
36.
The Grand Mogul
... 168
37.
Star o£ the South
... 180
38.
Cape Diamond
... 149
39.
Brazilian Diamond
... 148
40.
41.
j. Imperial State Crown of England
... 839
42.
The Arundhuti . . ...
... 184
43.
The Banga T£r£
••• ))
44.
The Chitra
45.
The Tagore Brilliant •
... 184
46.
The Suktara
♦ • »>
47.
The Mah£r£j£ Tagore's Ruby
... 250
48.
State Kunth£ o£ Maharaja J. M. Tagore
... 184
49.
The Mahtfraja Tagore ... ...
... ,)
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A
MINOR GEMS.
Translation.
1 . Ruchaka, Parivadra (Aquamarine), Swar-
nangi (Chrysoprase), Utpala, Pdlanha (Onyx),
Gandhasashya, Pinda, Jyotirasha (Blood-stone).
2. Pttu (Jade), Sisha , Ganja (Mocha-stone),
Gcmdharva (Tourmaline), SUchari ( Cinnamon-stone) ,
and Nildnga (Violet-ruby) are known as ZPpa-ratnas
(Minor Gems).
3. A Ruchaka is yellow, green, red, or tawny.
It is found on the borders of Kashmere. Pdrivadra
(aquamarine ) is remarkably spotless like clear
water, green, very lustrous, and fine.
i
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^fwf,
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sR^H* Y R¥>f%7T^«rTWT-
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53 7TT’T«T f%i 3?q f%^|f
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'wtrTT t, TXf* UTfqq qff ft q% I fqq^ 3JT
ffWW TW ft^TT ^T^TT^, T^T qqiq qwqm ^ifa
qi«r, ^ ffT^qqiT^qw^W iffr ^fq XW ftm t II f I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
511
Translation.
4 The Swarndngi (Chrysoprase), (say the autho-
rities), is blue, green, or red, is splendid like unal-
loyed gold, and beautifully freckled.
5. The JJtpala is like the blue lotus, is beautiful,
transparent, and very hard. The Pdlanka (Onyx)
is black, green, streaked red or white, and brittle.
6. A Gandhasashya is red dashed with white,
perfectly red, or white dashed with red. It does not
admit of a good polish. The Pinda* * is reddish,
pale-red or green, and is remarkably hard.
I
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G Ttfe (Tftf^s 'S
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»rtWr « ^ w ^1%<o
etfm to[ i i
* The rich of India make pestles and mortars out of this stone 3 for
pulverizing medicinal pills.
* jjjreftsrrl ^rtt%^br <r*r spfinri i
512
jrfiiFiT^rc i
TR7TJ
0\
oSJTTT ¥^* I
*R* f%7T ^ TR^rT
C\4 "
7Rf^*^TR*?ffa A 'a II
ijW ^RRTiwg-g^T-
*Rf f*R WRR7TRTR |
SJ
71^- ^r II ^ A
<rc5Wi i
3RU?R, *n<*r fWTT^TT, *15 ^07& ^f«T
^X TgT^T ^ftrffcTJ ?TT fwtf*RT *}RW T » TR%
WR T^TT, <3*5R ^wPCPR f%*T sR ^Tf 5RW,
ms, ^ *ft^ TRTg^f? XSWI *ft*T TIT W^
3rf ^ 1 1 \a I
^*Ht 3T WR tprant TW^t ^TT ^TTT
J *1
TBTfr I s i 3 tt ifat*rar *rr vfour ^\t froft
W 7JR?R *7TR f3*?TIW f?R*fit 71^ «{RW
% I CU
513 ^
Translation.
7. A black, red-spotted, bard and beautiful
gem goes by the name of Jyotiraslia (Blood-stone.)
A PUu* * (Jade ) is smoke-colored, white, or green
shaded with white, and hard, non-transparent, and
slightly lustrous.
8. A particular metal, or a gem colored like the
mouse, is called a Sisha.f A gem colored like moss
or onion, and freckled like the trunk of a tree, is
called a Ganja (Mocha-stone).
I
carfare
^ar» ^ 'Q
's ^ ^(* =rtcsi i °i i
’
wi vfat i wi *t*it§* ^tK
m°s fk^
^ I V- |
* Pestles and mortars for medical use, milk-cups and pommels of
swords, etc., are sometimes made of this stone, for the use of the rich
of India.
f Pommels of swords and several kinds of vessels are also made of
this stone.
* Jff^nrl 'ihrfa «rfat* fsrfire
4??. cspw ^1 nta fatfct), ^ifc ^sjtfir
I
t sSTRtf*? ijt <£RK ntiitf? ^1 «ttw I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
C\ "
^TTfRSRTC Jlf^*
^Ti^^r^fafosrerer 11 <« n
crcsmr i
^n:, ^rf w, ^t *pprt% -arff^rr, 'tfcii qwnr
WTfaftre ^15^4 W[ 3Twirt I sfH[ ^TT^r
Twsft fareft 4fa ^t^r *tt^t
«Ptallf ! I 1 1
sfa zmzmt i
Translation.
9. A Gandharva (Tourmaline) is white, green, or
blue, and bright like lightning. A reddish or pale-
red gem goes by the name of Si/chari (Cinnamon-
stone) ; and a deep blue gem, dashed with red, by
the name of Nildnga (Violet-ruby.)
CFs, '-s ^
f*Kfl 5ft?
%rt^ srtor f^rtv
MINOR GEMS.
o-
THE AQUAMARINE.
Its Properties .
^jpHE Aquamarine is a variety of the Beryl ;
M the green and blue specimens being called
by the former designation ; the yellow ones, by the
latter. The former again has three sub-divi-
sions : (1) Aquamarine,- — pure, light, sky-blue ; (2)
Siberian Aquamarine, — light greenish-blue, bright
lustre and faintly colored ; (3) Aquamarine Chryso-
lite, — greenish-yellow, sometimes yellowish-green,
with bright lustre. A pale-greenish variety, called
the Oriental Aquamarine, is distinguished from the
ordinary kind by its superior brilliancy, hardness,
This stone was formerly obtained from the fron-
tiers of China ; but now it comes mostly from
Brazil, ready cut, as also from certain places in
Siberia, in the Ural and Altai mountains.
The Aqamarine has found favor with the English
on account of its virtue of retaining its brilliance
and specific gravity
Engravings, SfC.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
517
in artificial light. It is now used in a variety of
ornaments. An Aquamarine, having the figure
of Hercules engraved on it, was in the possession of
Emperor Commoclus. One, representing Neptune,
drawn by sea-horses, was found in the treasures of
Odeschalchi. Pliny mentioned Beryl as “ the gem
green as the sea,” and hence, perhaps, its other
name “ Aquamarine.” Beads of Aquamarine have
been discovered in the Egyptian mummy-pits.
More than 2,000 years ago, this stone was used by
the Greeks for Intaglios. In the National Library
of Paris is to be seen an Aquamarine upon which
is engraved the head of Julia, the daughter of
Titus. The tiara of Pope Julius II contained an
Aquamarine 2 T V inches in length and 21 in thick-
ness.
THE CHRYSOPRASE,
Its Properties.
^pHE Chrysoprase is a variety of the Quartz
< *' 9 and is composed of Silica 96' 16, Oxide of
Nickel l'OO, and lime 0'83. It loses its color hy
the action of heat and light, and also of time.
The solution of Nitrate of Nickel is said to have
the power of restoring its original color. It has a
fiat conchoidal fracture.
Where Found.
The Chrysoprase is found in Silesia, near Kose-
mutz, Glasendorf, and Baumgarten, near Frankens-
tein. It is also reported to have been discovered
in St. Lawrence, United States.
Cutting and Engraving.
This stone is generally cut, en cabochon, at the
bottom, and with small facets round the edge of the
upper side. The lapidaries of Warmbrun are the
principal cutters and polishers. Fine specimens of
Cameos and Intaglios of the early Greek period are
still to be found.
Its Price and Uses.
Though the Chrysoprase is not so much liked now
as in former days, it fetches a better value than any
other Chalcedonic variety of the Quartz. Good
specimens have been known to realize from £5 to
£20. The name Chrysoprase is derived from two
Greek words, meaning “ golden leek,” owing to its
color. It was used by the Greeks and Bomans for
rings. Pliny mentions it as a gem well known to
the ancients, and that they were made vessels of,
and that they were obtained from India in large
quantities. It is now chiefly used for signet-rings,
buckles, &c. In the Continent of Europe, it is
sometimes made into snuff-boxes, stick-tops, and
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
519 ^
even brooches and pins. The Mosaic walls of
St. Wenzel’s Chapel at Prague, ( built in the 14th
century,) contain good specimens of Chrysoprase.
Frederic the Great used this stone profusely in
adorning Sans Souci. In the Potsdam Palace are
two tables made of this gem, 3 feet long, 2 broad,
and 2 inches in thickness.
Onyx is a Chalcedonic variety of the
Guartz, and is distinguished from the Agate
by the position of the stripes or layers. It is
generally of a hlackish or brownish color with
white stripes, and sometimes with a greenish
The Oriental Onyx, which is better than the
ordinary one, is obtained from India, Egypt, Arabia,
Armenia and Babylon. The other kind is found
in Saxony, the Isle of Skye, and in several parts of
Russia and Ireland.
The cutting, slitting, drilling and staining of
Onyxes, are conducted, on a large scale, at
THE ONYX,
Its Properties.
layer.
Where Found.
Cutting, Staining and Engraving.
520
MINOR GEMS.
Oberstein and Idar. The mills being driven by the
water-power of the River Aar, and labor being
very cheap, the operation is performed at a very
small cost. The Onyx can very easily be stained
to any artificial color. If it is intended to color it
black, the stone should be first boiled in honey, oil
or sugared water, and then in a solution of Sulphu-
ric Acid, which carbonizes the oil or sugar which
the stone has taken into itself. If red, Proto-
; sulphate of Iron is added to it. If deep blue, yellow
Prussiate of Potash is added to this again. Sard-
onyx is a variety of the Onyx and is formed out of
the Sard and Onyx. It is of a reddish brown color
and consists of alternate layers of Chalcedony and
Carnelion. The nicolo or onicolo, which has a deep
brown ground overlaid by a layer of bluish- white,
is also a variety of the Onyx. The Onyx has been
used for Cameos from the earliest times. One of
the ancient specimens is the Mantuan vase, on
which are represented Ceres and Triptolemus in
quest of Proserpine. A Cameo representing Octa-
vius Augustus, is to be found in the Vatican Library,
Rome. Amongst the many specimens seen in the
Museo Rationale, Naples, may be mentioned, one
representing the apotheosis of Augustus, and ano-
ther having the head of Medusa on the obverse,
and the apotheosis of Ptolemy on the reverse. In
the National Library of Paris are to be seen one,
having upon it Tiberius with an ox ; another,
Marcus Aurelius and Faustina ; a third, Aggripina,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
521
with her two children ; and a fourth, Jove armed
with the lightning. A bust of Faustina, cut on a
Sardonyx, belonging to the Marquis Dree, was sold
for 7,171 francs. The art had, for a long time,
degenerated, but seems to have revived, as the
beautiful specimens produced at Paris and Rome
unquestionably prove.
The Onyx as known to the Ancients.
The Onyx is often spoken of in the Greek and old
Hebrew works. The name comes from a Greek
word which means “ a nail,” the stone being sup-
posed to resemble the color of the human finger-nail.
The Greeks attach to it the following mythological
story : — “ Cupid, with the sharp point of his arrow,
cut the nails of the sleeping Venus, which fell into
the Indus ; but as they were of heavenly origin
they sank and became metamorphosed into Onyx.”
The Onyx was, according to the authorized version
of the Bible, the eleventh stone on the breast-plate
of Aaron. The valuable ring, thrown into the Sea
by Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, is supposed to
have been a Sardonyx.
Its Price and Uses.
The Onyx and Sardonyx are extensively used
for jewelry purposes, particularly for signet-rings.
They are also used for being made into cups, vases,
knife and sword-handles, and in beads for necklaces
622
MINOR GEMS.
and rosaries. “Mithridates, King of Pontus, had,”
according to Appianus, “ 2,000 cups of this gem.”
The Basilica of St. Peter, Pome, has 6 small
pillars made of Onyx. In the Temple of the
Three Magi, Cologne, is one pillar, which is broader
than the palm of the hand. The Oriental Onyx
fetches far higher value than the German one.
But the latter can, by staining, be so perfectly made
to imitate the former, that it can very easily pass
off for it, even with the most experienced. The
German beads sell from 6 d to 65, according to size
and quality. Large stones of good color have been
known to fetch so much as £200 each. A necklace
of well selected stones may be sold for 100 to 500
guineas.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
In the ancient times, the Onyx was supposed to
cause strife and melancholy and to be a remedy for
epilepsy.
HE Blood-stone or Heliotrope is a Jasper
variety of Quartz, and is possessed of a
dark-green color, and has minute blood-red
specks spread over it. It is opaque and its cleavage
THE BLOOD-STONE.
Its Properties.
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
523
is imperfect ; its fracture, sub-conclioidal and
uneven; its hardness, 4 - 5. It is infusible and
changes its color, if melted with borax and sub-
jected to intense heat.
The Blood-stone is found in large quantities in
India, Bokhara, Siberia and Tartary, and also in
the Isle of Rum, (in the Hebrides ). It is also
found in Bohemia, France, Spain and parts of
Germany.
It is said that the art of engraving was first
tried on the Blood-stone. The largest numbers of
the old Babylonish and Egyptian Intaglios are on
the Blood-stone. The Blood-stone is now used for
the same purposes as the Agate and Onyx.
The Blood-stone as known to the Ancients.
The word Heliotrope is derived from two Greek I
words, signifying the “ sun” and “ a turning” —
from a notion that when steeped into water, it had
the power of changing the image of the sun into
blood-red. Pliny says, that the sun and the solar
eclipses could be viewed in it, as in a mirror.
According to a tradition, the Blood-stone had its
origin in a dark-green Jasper, over which fell
the blood of Christ (at the Crucifixion), and which
Where Found.
Engravings and its Uses.
MINOR GEMS.
!jr* 524
happened to lie at the foot of the Cross. The red
specks in this stone were, in the Middle Ages,
supposed to represent the blood of Christ. The
Blood-stone was thought to strengthen the stomach,
if hung about the neck.
THE JADE,
Its Properties.
^PHE Jade is a very hard and tough stone. Its
color varies from a creamy white to a dark
green. Its hardness is 6 to 7 in the scale ; its spe-
cific gravity, from 2’9 to 3T. It fuses before the
blow-pipe at the thinnest edges only, with great
difficulty. It is composed of a variety of things,
viz., silica, magnesia, lime, alumina, peroxide of
iron and of manganese, oxide of chrome, water
and potash.
Where Pound.
The Jade, also called the Nephrite, is found in
Egypt, Corsica, North America, New Zealand and
China.
Its Price and Uses.
In India, China and Turkey, the Jade is carved
into dagger and sword-handles, ornamental vases,
cups, &c., and generally studded with precious
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
525
stones. The color best liked is the pale, greenish-
grey, good specimens of which often fetch a high
price. Japan sends out to Europe a large quantity
of ornamental things made of this stone and the
New Zealanders carve it into spear and axe-heads.
The soft Jade, which is a kind of stearite or soap-
stone is sometimes sold for the real Jade, but even
the uninitiated can make out the difference by its
inferior hardness.
The word Nephrite (another name for the Jade)
is derived from a Greek word, which means a
kidney, from the supposition that the stone had the
virtue of healing all diseases of that organ.
<^piIE Mocha-stone, otherwise called the Mocha-
M stone, is a variety of Quartz containing
“infiltrated dendritic oxides of manganese and
iron, which give it the appearance of containing
vegetable remains.”
It is so called on account of its being found in
Mocha, in Arabia. Some people say that the name
is only a corruption of moschas, or moss-stone.
Medicinal Properties,
THE MOCHA-STONE
MINOR GEMS.
THE TOURMALINE,
Its Properties.
Tourmaline belongs to tbe hexagonal
system of crystallization. Its cleavage is
imperfect ; fracture, conchoidal ; hardness, 7 to 7 '5 ;
and its specific gravity, from 2 9 to 3’3. Its lustre
is vitreous. It is found to be of all shades of trans-
parency and opacity. It possesses double refrac-
tion and becomes electric by friction. It has also
the power of polarizing light so perfectly that, cut
into slices, it is used in the polariscope to examine
the optical properties of other minerals. Its
pecularity consists in the fact of its extremities
frequently ending in a different manner ; so that
when heated or rubbed, each extremity acquires a
different degree of electricity. If broken under
that operation, the bits present opposite poles, like
artificial magnets. The color of the Tourmaline
is of all shades of grey, yellow, green, brown, black,
red and pink, ( when it is termed Rubelite ) ; and
blue, ( when it is called Indicolite ) .
The Siberian Tourmaline (commercially known
as the Brazilian Ruby, for which stone it is some-
times sold by mistake) is of a carmine, hyacinth,
purple, rose-red, and sometimes bordering on the
Where Found.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
527
violet-blue, and is obtained at Ceylon, Ava, Siberia,
the Ural Mountains, Saxony, the Isle of Elba and
the United States of America. The specimens
found in Peru is of a beautiful red, very much
are found in Brazil, and go by the name of Brazi-
lian Emeralds and Brazilian Sapphires respectively.
The black ones are found in Bavaria, the United
States, Greenland, and in parts of England. The
yellowish green specimens ( also called the Ceylon
Chrysolite), are obtained at Ceylon and Brazil. The
white ones, a rare variety, are found in the Island
of Elba and in the Dolomite mountains. The
brown Tourmaline comes from Ceylon and
Switzerland.
This stone is cut upon a leaden or zinc wheel,
with emery and polished with tripoli. The trans-
parent ones are usually trap-cut ; the opaque ones
are facetted both above and below the girdle.
The Tourmaline is more generally used for opti-
cal than for jewelry purposes. A perfect stone, j
weighing 5 carats, would fairly fetch £20. The
name of the stone is thought to be of Cingalese
origin. This stone is, in Saxony, called by the
like that of the Ruby. The green and blue ones
Mode of Cutting.
Its Price and Uses.
MINOR GEMS.
name of “ Schorl,” from a village where it is found
in large quantities. It was first brought to Europe
from Ceylon by the Dutch. The earliest record on
this stone is to be found in a book published in
Leipzig in 1707, called “ Curious Speculations of
Sleepless Nights.” Formerly, the German Jews
were the only persons who could he found to
purchase the stone. The Tourmaline is now sold
under a variety of names, owing to the advantage
it has of possessing a diversity of colors. But it can
he distinguished from other stones by its acquiring
magnetic properties when subjected to heat.
THE CINNAMON-STONE-
This stone has been spoken of under the heading
of “Garnet;” (page 473).
THE VIOLET-RUBY.
(See page 231.)
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The Genesis of Gems according to Purdnas .
Translation.
Suta saith.
10. I am going to describe the way of test-
ing gems. There was an asura* in days of yore,
named Vala. He is said to have routed Indra
and the other gods, and to have proved invincible
by them.
11. The wily gods begged of their antagonist
the boon that he metamorphosed himself into
their sacrificial beast. The puissant asura granted
their prayer, and thus met his end.
12. Having been entangled in his own promise,
he became a beast and entered into a pillar, purely
actuated by motives of benevolence to the gods.
i
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* Compounded of a (not — non) and sura (god). It signifies an
adversary of the gods. Divested of figure, and read in the light of
Sanskrit Philology, the epithet would mean an aboriginal person, as
distinguished from an Aryan.
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A TREATISE ON GEMS.
533
>
Translation.
13. By virtue of his merit, all the members of
the body of this miracle of virtue became the germs
of gems.
14. It is believed by the authorities that he was
the source of all the gems that embellish gods,
jakslias , siddhas and pannagas .*
15 — 16. Whirled through the air, wherever the
parts of his body fell, in oceans, rivers, mountains
and forests, the places were converted into mines
of precious stones.
17. Some of these are destructive to demons
and snakes, are antidotes to poison and disease
cleanse men from sin, and are pure. The rest are
evil and defective.
^rf?i
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itifcui crt i^rti ’ito icii
unfir i ^ i
c 5 ^ tot im, fn, i*f, utfi 's
II I :>! |
* Cextra-lasses of human and ultra-human beings.
534
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qnqqqiT'qfqq qq q^% 'srifniq qqqrcqi qqjq fq^f
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^ipqi ^fqqfq qiqq qfTqqT^ qfa qqir q^fqT
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Translation.
18. Wherever the bones of this conqueror of
Indra fell, they were changed into diamonds of
various shapes.
19 — 20. The glorious Sun* was watchfully jour-
neying through the firmament, so deliciously blue
like the sword, with the blood of this mighty
(tsura (which contained the germs of precious
stones), when that vanquisher of the gods, the
ruler of Lanka, f elated by power, obstructed
the god’s course, while half-way, like Raku. X
^<rlf i
(7 ft (71 (71
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^fpT I V I
* In Hindu Mythology, the Sun is conceived as a god.
f R&vana. Ceylon.
X Rdhu is the enemy of the Sun. The eclipse is considered by the
Hindus as effected by Rahu , who devours the Sun.
536
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A TREATISE ON GEMS.
537
Translation.
21. Being thus obstructed by Ravana, into a
beautiful, large and deep stream, whose waters were
swayed by the well-rounded buttocks of the fair
ones of Ceylon, and whose banks were lined with
goodly betel-nut trees, the Sun let fall the blood
which he had been carrying.
22. Since that time the river has become sacred
like the Ganges, and has been called the Ravana
Ganga.
23. Since then the banks of the river have been
shining at night like a well-polished golden bow,
thickly studded with gems of various and rare hues.
f^wr%
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^qror ’Ttrft ^ I ^1
Translation.
24. The shores of the Ravana Ganga pro-
duce SaugandhiJca, Kuruvinda, and crystal-hegotten
sparkling, beautifully red and highly valuable rubies.
25. At the time of the destruction of Valasur,
exquisitely splendid, and many tinted beautiful
Cat’s-eyes were produced to sounds loud and sub-
lime as the swell and heaving of the ocean.
26. Beautiful Cat’s-eyes of many colors, and
darting fiery scintillations, were produced in the
rainy season, when the deep and awful growl of the
heavens seems like the cries of the king of ddnavas.
I
<?\% ir^msrts ^ ^r,
*tt^t ^8 1
•nil wift 's
iswft 'Q
qqqj
C\ ^
qwqqiiq f^ft
cr^j q’rrqqqj i
ftfqqqtfq
qq:q qq r: qqqf qqT<r n *\s 11
^ NS xS
qTqjij^t^qi^TqqiT^-
qfwqqqi^I qfiTjw^ I
TT^^W, f^rr^Tq^W-
>9 -3
*TTO* grrapmTfc qTfq II ^ II
qf^T&SlSWf’nft qqT?T
qqiqw^f^enlbr i
<T%q qqqftqqqTq^
f^<r ^ftararoOT II *?<= o
cfpwi I
fqqq qqpqi ^T?T ^lf«T qq^R
qr ^Tqqqfqi fq^i'qw ^qfrqq’S' qifi fqqhr
qjqq fqqq qq I ^ I
qwqiq^ qs^qiqft f%qw% qqjq ^rfqq^q q^T-
fTOqt qfwqiT qfaqi^q q> ^ptot q^i ^qq
qfqq ¥tq?T% ijffc ^q wi* ^nf\ qftq q^q
fq>q i ^ I
qqt^q qtmqiT qfa^q qt ^tri^t qq^qT qt
^iqq fqq, ^qqiTqqiT qq q^T qqqqir ^I^Tf^q
q^q % qftq q’ft qtq TjfisqiTq q ^ <ft qtfa 'stq
qq I ^ l
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
541
Translation.
27. The rows of the asura's teeth — so white-
fell into the translucent waters of the father of
streams, like a star-inwrought chain flung from the
bosom of the blue deep.
28. The teeth, beautiful in their splendour like
the full moon, the germs of all precious stones,
entered into oysters, conch-shells, &c.
29. Wherever they fell, the waters were cease-
lessly hidden by clouds. The germs entering into
oysters shot up into pearls.
'3^T T F I
’Itfws ^Itu
(Trt f^F5(«T
TffapT I ^ I
oft wtwt ^
'S
i i
^8^1% (7ft ft W (71
(TTTfspf
(?\t fte? ft<n
^ i
542
qftwrar i
j^rq i
e\ "
qi^iq qq^i •
fqqrq qq fq^rc: ^^^t^tit: n ^o n
^Tqqifqqq: fq^r^TW qqqTfaq: I
fl^ri $ 4 %q afa q<qq qnfqiqq\ II ^ 11
q q^T ^fadqqqqiftq qqtsanft I
v»
qT^ra: qq^T^q: wqgfqqTqq^ II ^ I
qq: q^fqqiqq qqqfaq qt^qrt- I
qwq q*jq^ q^^qqqw o ** u
qqqm i
qisfq qt qq^qqiT qre?t qqqqi q^wifq
^irq fq^q fqqi, fqqq qq t^q qq ^qqqq
qw qqT ■rtq qq i I
qiqfq< qqiqqqiT fqqm qqqqq ^Tqvaiqwqq'T
M -J
^•qpii qqiq q" qT qq% qiq qq I ^ I
fqq qqqq qqqt qqq faj^TW^T qqT% ftfa-
qiqjqqg^^ qtf^qT qqjqr qq» q^ qgqi
qqiq qqra qT^ qq I I
fqqqT qiq qq^q\ qqq qqi qiqqqql
tqqfa ^q qfqqt^t qifara qq^ qrefqqt qqiq
qq^% q^q qq I ^ I
30. Sesha tlie snake took the entrails of
Valdsur and flung them into the country of Kan-
kana, &c., and hence it is that these countries
bring forth rare Vidrumas.
31. The monarch of snakes was hastily cutting
his aerial way, with the bile of the lord of ddnavas .
32. The trail which the gem which graced the
hood of Vdsuki painted on the azure deep, looked
like a spacious fragment of a silver bridge.
33. Then Garura, the king of birds, shook the
spheres by spreading his wings, and was going to
attack the monarch of snakes.
srw <?rt wrtR
R^I WGH I I
^ R®^ ^Rs®
i i
G\$ «lt*t=rfa iIW<2f®tt®
-Sift'S ^rtrM iiwRf^® <4?FT>t ^ <2f*tS
<2Tf H SftStRlTR I I
®RR R^tltW ^5 Rsj
^Rt® ^?j®
«« i
ufawrat i
i
c\ ^
> (
TOn^gwn^irret- 1
^^ifawfqw^qiTqt n ^8 n
<T^I TTtTTfl^^VTSftT^r^^^
ftfTr: IRT<T ^?*T ^T^rff^ I
fa?iq:qqqtf^fq<ft*%^
Hrf 5 ^T^^frm?if w7tt*t n H I
<Rq f%f%<T qrffi^r fq^n-
ffTTOT fTfiV 7IWT\I
^mlrr: Whr *>n-
^ $
*»nN W a ^ n
cPCSfaTI
^rrefqi *r^.qi v&fa *fto , rtq>T% fri* wqq^
totstot ft fq^T^T *i*r<iw, fwTT^ *rfsw
Tpri «wr^ *nir, ^TsrmTTqiT ^T^ifcrr ^f%-
TrTfnrqq q^rpsT wtq^ ^ 1 1 ^8 I
7iq^q> qpgfa% 5h fim
Orem *reT, frqir srt qiw
wt i ^ i : i ,-.
fq«q*rqir qrefqiqf *Tt fqqr fTT^ %,
frr^^t fT* ^T7T VT^ Tj’g’W q*q- ^qr, ffTW qq-^qfT
*T=s$f ’ftlft wft, ft* **q^*ft *^T fqTf fiwn *T*T%
fw^% fa*<T ! st?i %* I ^ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
545
Translation.
3 4s. Terrified at this, he immediately dropped
the bile upon a valley of the celebrated Mdnikya
mountain, hot with the odour of mallikd flowers,
and containing in its wood of various trees, gan-
dhatrina* and sildrasci. t
35. No sooner Garura came up than the bile
suddenly escaped the mouth of V&suki and fell on
the shores of the ocean. Ever since that place has
been a mine of emeralds.
36. At this time, Garura, on taking a little of
the bile that fell, became insensible, and anon
came out all the quantity of the bile through his
nostrils.
- ' 3 n^rr f r i
srfal
45f?rc*R i ^8 1
^r^rt
<7Tt SRWtfB* *lf*
^ ^ \ *)<t I
’ C*\% TO^% f%TO*f
* A kind of fragrant grass. + A kind of resin.
546
flfjnurer J
3*5 1
ITTnlfk^r ^SfifTTt T^T^T *T*f% D ^\9 fl
^Tt^STT f|^?ff
t T , 7T<T f^Tf f^ffTSTTf^q^ I
St^rftgvrg W«: H ^ R
fr^srm i
ipR» fir^% n\7y
vmtfvi wt» %*nr, ^f^rn: ^w»
^TCT» ^T^rTi <rwi wi^r srwfafare ^rfa
»*
^>f3*T ip* W $5*1*1 ^T^T *5 I ^ l
7T^% 7B* **TT^*iT fqrT t*TO
f^iT, *ft *rt *i*r 'rtw **, ^\x ** %u
pk tstfi fur** 1 1 k* I
Translation.
87. It is for tliis reason that we find hard and
auspicious emeralds resembling the parrot’s throat,
sirisa flower, the glow-worm’s back, the fresh
green sward, moss, the kalhara leaf, tender grass,
and, finally, the end of the peacock’s tail.
38. Wherever the bile, thus let fall by Garurci,
dropped, emeralds are found. Consequently such
countries are valuable and rare.
i
), ^ 'Q
WITH I ^ I
C*\t f*fe C\ OfPfi
(7Tf> (M| 5I<FFs (Tff
(JT*\ <8T% ^3 ^N©r® I '9b- I
RRR
548
nfjDHt^n I
Ov ^
<=\
3?T^^T^RT^f I
f%?TT5fr^T5ff
II ^<* H
N \> J v>
fWTftnf)- |
^fa^%riWTiTf<re^ir*3i
fa»ttf?T ll 8° II
qfwrTT 5n ftw^t f% I
titwp^ gw^RT o 8^ n
cT*5WI I
*it ^?R f*TWW t^SfiT ^ftTRSfit
3*Shft ^«T> *^*6*t ’R'sft'fT rPC^RTSTR TltfacT,
*$% ’■it ^wb&T ^?t, <rk%
•WI*nC5T wt $%3t*rar*T, *RR
f?R^ ^?nra Ttm
1 1 ^<e I 8° I
f%*TT^R q4ft^ TOTCTCT SncfalT Wt W^R
*R» ffPJ*' ^tR $*T3iK%
*RI 8S I
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 549
Translation.
39 — 40. The graceful eyes of Valdsur, fine
as the blue lotus, fell into those woods where the
Cingalese fair ones hold their mirth and revelry,
which are encircled by the waves of the ocean, and
which abound in groves of the cheerful ketaha.
This place produces sapphires.
41. That spot in the Himalaya on which the
skin of Valdsura fell, produces excellent topazes.
'sr^rf? i
Ofpfa (71 #$1-
(?ft
ffa *rc7(tw ^ (7rai?t*r
<7rt
^ I «a>!8« i
(7T| (71 ^ 3 $,
W I 8> I
qfilWTqiT I
! fqip? qrcnu qqq %-%'. i
I rm: qqq qqqfaq^
( ^-v
qiM •S’farwr H 8^ E
| 1£ir q^qj qfqq qrfqqqr^f I
WTH^TTWRmTqiTWf qfaTenqr II 8^ I
I tj<5f rfcjTW ^
I ^JTqi^TTq ^ <T^TTTtTO^I^I
| ^Tfqqra q^TT *r5w: qqirsr
TT^ ^iqqqfq nt*T II 88 II
^T^TtqTTT^W^qi^qi^q'qiTft
| ^T^^r^’fqriqfqnrf: I
A^cIqffqi^qq'qTqqTqT
I qq IWK s^sfiT! tt^t: il 8>dL II
CR5WT J
qqq^q *Tt foSnu^qiT VTSTOT qTT ^qqfTqr ^qqqr
■f1[qiT% qqq f%€q faqr, fq^ri qftq qrfq qfqq
| qiqqqi qfa ^q vf§ I l
f%qjqq q*#qi ^ttt qt ^Tqqq>T q^qq
qffffi qqT, frrqi- 'nfrT ^q TW ^ qq I 8^1
qqqqr qqreTqV q^T q*T% ^fjt tqrq ^Tq qnq
^fq qfqq qsf q, qft ^;t ^ qfqf ^nqq
qqrT^^qiT wt qi^TqiT qqr ^rcqq fqqT,qq qiw, qtq-
qiq ^[X qqj^T q^faT qfaqiT qqfqqT q^qiT
qfr q»T% w> q^T qqjq qqq t^, qv,
qrft qqrcf- *?7T, ^tr %^qiT tttw, q’f qq qqj%
qqiq I’qqi Ter ^qq^ - rtm % i 88 l sil
A TEEATISE ON GEMS.
551 ^
Translation.
42. jPavcma* took the nails of the daitya’s
hands, and with alacrity threw them into a forest.
These give birth to clean cymophanes.
43. The seed of the ddnctva fell on the north of
the Himalaya, and to it excellent vismas owe their
origin.
44 — 45. After having worshipped the lord of
danavas, as the snakes were journeying in the
north, they planted the nails of his feet in sacred
mountains, rivers and celebrated places ; and
hence it is that Dwdraka, Bagdad, and the shores
of the Nerbudda produce garnets resembling the
black spot of gunjd, honey, the lotus-stalk, the
musk deer, fire, and the plantain tree.
feH TOR,
TO?%=1 ^[|8^l
1 (7ft WtTOR (71
WOT I 80 I
*f#s, ^{ft
^ (7i *t*r ^ to, ot^t-
wfwl, <7rN?R, 'Q €i<r? cw*f
mr\ r m ( ), Ttt^r, TO.f^r,
^ 'q *fytn iw
TO 1 88 I 84 |
^SRt*r i
* The Aljo/ieus of the Hindu Mythology.
552
UforJUMT I
i
fafq%q faf^fcnt^jjrer ll gf d
ijqpnfjqqi
*r^iT?m: qqizq'W^jnq^Ti^* I
5TRTqqiTCfqfT<T ^TT??r^-
<r^ *rar ****rptffa n g\s ii
6. ^
qiT^fq^^^^fNqqiqwfaw i
©v v
qrrr# oqfqiW^ ^T 5 *^ ft**: I
t^T^^rnr-s mfz4 ?ra: ll g^ ll
cTCSWT
^TT^i qpffc^ ?PJJ^T
^ *%\k wt^ *?hrr *rfaq faihr fair* fq*m ^;-
vfr^r €tzi ^ttit*t -ar^ ^t^i ^*tt?t
qrt q^T«T ^T^TTf^fTT-ff *n*T
<J» \J
TW ’WtrTT ^ I 8f I S'd I
^ ^ ^ «** fw^m. *ra«
%?w, ^ 5qra$- qqrr^Tq«T fqfq
qiT?r **%, f?iq^ qq' qr^rsq- ^nqn*r5 ^wt?t qft*qj<T
wqrT^urqf *5f tq« *rfa ’ftir *re f 8« i
7U.
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 553 ^
!
Translation.
46 — 47. ( fire ) taking tlie loveliness and
grace of tlie lord of danavas, dropped it into the
Nerbudda and on a low tract, and this has since been
producing rudhira/chyas spotted like the insect
cochineal, red like the upper beak of the parrot,
and shaped like the full-blown flower.
48. The king of snakes threw the sweat of the
lord of the ddnavas upon the shores of the Cavery,
the Yindya hills, the country of the Javanas, China,
and Nepaul ; and it produces a bright sky-colored
crystal named taildkhya .
smMj
'S f%f«K 'WUN, %&-
I* TOI I 8<b I 8S I
<?rt <3OTC*t
^rtn \5 bs^TWj 1 8b- 1
w
g ssnr: snrt f*rgt srrfw *<r: 1
vfaft ^qgapnfare^ m II 8 <e II
twin ¥tsftr w^gnrfaff utT
^urr *t^^t l
^fJTt t^tar sr^t *t$<t
^f^rff 3^ ^nf *jw: 11 y°n
Tt^sfiT ^4% snfafwro
^TTf^ 3\T*T T I
fTCStUT 1
^cr no$ IVt^tt ? » #f^5i ?<% ^ tjf%^
*4\* 'TtfTT frf^ ^%r
*rfc ^7t % 1 ’wHt ^r*: Tl^ir ^w, ^t*t-
^ Tt 3 $ <f% Vt^ir tan sf"T ’sffr
5BT^T V*3% ^ w % I Si. I
sfi^wwl -gw
WET, *T*T«T, faw, KT^r, W\Z, ^ 5 TT Y^-
WT^- ^ f%% t^MT;
^TT ¥f m W f TW 3vtm T ;
t^W'rfcT JjSlV r % ^ffr *r^-
^°r szrtfw Ortw % 1 yt° 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
555
Division of Diamonds into Castes,
Translation.
49. The word hlraka (diamond) is always mas-
culine ; vajra, both masculine and feminine, and it
is another name for chandra-mani (moon-stone).
A white vajra is a Brahmin, a red one is a Ksha-
triya, a yellow one is a Yaishya, and a black one
is a Sudra.
50. The Brahmin diamond {vajra) is very use-
ful in chemical operations, and brings about the
acquisition of lordship, friends, courtiers, wealth,
kingdom, forts, armies, and good luck to one’s
family. A Kshatriya diamond wards off old age
and premature death ; a Yaisya one crowns every
endeavour after acquisition with success; while a
Sudra one is a panacea.
sffiTP
ftsM,
^
*fft#te ^ 1 i
w OTftrc TOfr ; 's
^TYtYT, «R, ItWT, CTOS c^tVrof ^ ^k\-
m MwtYi ; w<rl '« toM-
wj w to; hm< m
ftirW to i <to i
fm *ftr ftr$ ^ftrar, *t^t «3jftpf 'e
i
sss
Wl
<\ N
TT^ffaifocjn-^ ^r^rkirg ^r^w: i
\3 ^
Urn: *ircre*T nrfiNta*T ^ttti: I
^T*?TFtT TWTf^f^wfWfTTt || R
%*> spn I
fasfikrrg ?i fircfaT 5 t^«bt: II y ^ o
^P TO %r WTJSRSfiTkw: I
^ J ^ #
f%re: *ra^r ^1% ^fkrt ^nr^n I
^kreiT^nflstf: ^t^i^tt: 11 <i^ ll
Thcrerr wt< % t i
cfT^T t
TkT g^W, W) ^k siWfo Wft frf^T
^Tf?i '?kr *rt, faiN kite ^ttt ^ ** wr
^flt I ^3 tT* jfrWI^iTT, «TT«n
3v^ *TfT ^k f*TT ^k f^ZT^ks effWffT 'sfkt
S^TTfai 3k* f^TWfft I I y ^ I
f^r ^k faszraT* ^w, w-^ekrfaftig •fkT
^fkllfjRiT 3k* ^k f?R«kT 3s??T ^T T*kT
^3**5 *Tfa^ 3k* *W«iT TtflT % I <^1
m f** ^rifa^T Tt^i^T 3k* 3ki
*rfrT TJW *)k **!** *iT*7* ; ^fklf* 3kl
Ik* "aft^TT 3m v ^k ^kiwia ^r 3*mm *?k
vr^^^rifk fkT ^3k ^f**j*3V
»?i'3i ^**t*t 1 1 >k i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
557
Distinction of Gender.
Translation.
51. Diamonds are divided into masculine, femi-
nine, and neuter gender, according to character.
Each class is distinguished by peculiar marks. A
finely circular diamond, possessing happy signs,
highly lustrous, large, and free from rekhd, vindu,
&c., is masculine.
52. A six-cornered diamond marked with rekhd,
vindu, &c., is feminine ; and a very large triangular
diamond is neuter.
63. Of these, the masculine kind is the best,
and very useful in chemical operations. A femi-
nine diamond brings grace, and is very auspicious
to women, but a neuter diamond is destructive of
energy, and brings weakness and disappointment.
l
i
ftw ft 3^^^^
srtfta *rfi-
^'3^1 i ifW ws
ftw i <t > i
W I n I
3 I^TtWtW ftsr^sfa ftW
5T^-^°NWtft I (tf> I
w\w. TT^TrnJTT: gfhf ^ JT^oT^fT I
t:^T: ??t4*Hbn: n ya n
WTfw' «f«f«rlTT <T3TT I
wqmw ttiw ’rt^ri^r^T ii yy 11
StqTPT^ wit: I
TP^^qqrtf^* rf 1
tfelrr f%wi^t: 11 y^ n
i
TKT ^ 3 TW^ST, ^TT^rwfa TtTT
'wW qr**«Rq< 1 1 ys i
T&mr ^TTW^T WRf T I
*Ntat *nfa% ^g*frtq^i ?ftf^,
qffa 57^ qivfi -afHVcr ^tm
1 1 yy i
^Hl’^wflsra^ ^iwr q*T%qiT qN>r%
wtz ^rnnihfi^ ^t, jfNn,
*fr^, qfk q%^T,
f?r^% ^f5f?n *riftfarr Ttm % i yf i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
559 «j
Translation.
54. A feminine diamond is auspicious to women,
a neuter diamond, to impotent people, while a
masculine diamond is useful to all.
55. Acid water refines rubies ; the juice of the
jay anti leaf, pearls ; ashes, vidrmnas and the milk
of cows, emeralds.
56. The gruel of kuldthya kaldya refines the
ruby ; the juice of the little natiyd thorn, the dia-
mond; blue water, the sapphire; the urine of
cows, the gomeda (agate) ; and the water of trifald,
the vaidurjya.
He* fm
i as i
mtspifafa i
$0*1,
fw^i, WF5 C'ttfas aa \
^4 ^Frt^?ra
*R?i ftw, ften
mi fewtwr vi \a*> i
The Process of Refining Gems.
I
560
jqfnwrai i
jrew i
7J 0 ^ II ,
^f%TO |
«T3«?TXr ^ j
*rfagTOTOif^ to% ^?r i yc; u
| l
^tto ^ faiNiftsj
^TITOf <TOHlfa 0 V- H
| w^tTfr to ^j?zrwr: i
ww faf^TOTfa fcrTO to ^rar^i: u n
faiWt ’TTT^I
<T*W I
*TT5T^ TO TOfrm> ?TTO fTOT^T, TO
^TTft^r W^T TO*» TOT<T TkT TO TeW
fasiTTOiTO ’TO ^'RT fz?I TO TO
•s *^. v3
TW TOftfafT TO ^ I 'i'Q I
froir vmw i
sresrfti tto f^r1%rf Trap tot ^ frfro>r
I ^iTO (^T wft *btto v wttoto tot wH* wto,
f?lTO rfT ’STRSftt TO*T, TO *f?; «rR, WTOT
<ftf%¥T VJT' TO?T%) TO 3>T^ TOfTO, ^ftfrT ^T
TOIT TO TSI *Jf T^ I I y[c: I
f%TOt l
ftragwT^, TO t^, iw ^r>
TO ^ trcR g^jir TT?T TO %r fTOTTTOT^
5 TO *TT<T TO <TO TO T<sl ^ftf^rr TO I 1^1^ 0 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
561
Translation.
57. After mixing up (according to some) the
juice of the Mdddra , Manahsild, sulpher, and
haritdl, one should hoil them in putpak eight
times : every other gem except the diamond is
thus refined.
58. According to others, rubies, pearls, corals
and other gems are refined by boiling them for a
prahara in a vessel containing the juice of jay anti,
hung up over a fire.
59 — 60. According to others, all gems are
refined by steeping and boiling them thrice seven
times respectively in the juice of ghritakumdrl, little
natiyd thorn, and the milk from human teats.
*reprt¥i
Ptpl I
PPm n> jpufrsrt,
Pi putu ipti
iw PfetfPs ^ m i
Ptpiire i
pfpfl ^ cpfipi-
to (cpft wiPfiPP iw pfPrl ^rf|p frw
PI odsPep cPfuli^ ici ) Ptp ptar Pf‘tp,
's eprtatft n iprti
Ptpl I
"^S^Pl PI 'S < 4 % fll 3W)1
itl Pi pfPTl r^'Srf^P ill Pi P%l
PI fpp l^ftl iwt WitfP® ^1 l <115 I 'Jjo-I
562
jrfinnreT l
WRT WTVIWPi: I
*PW I
*rftn;er* *4* srere «if B II
trrfc^rei i
snfippr* *ngr f%7q‘ TOrf^TiTrwi^?i
Tenr^Tr U^m ii ^ «
ftrihr^n! i
sf%-<frnpr*r Orenr*’ i
II ^ 0
^g re +^9 % ^rnsrpc^i *p? wi% T 1
?TCsmT I
*ftf?T, V7TT, '?Ht, ^rf^T ^*fa ^fz - ^
^nf% ^ tw ^rorrc«» vtprw,
t i ^ I
*Tf% W faifr p i I
TWfTrqr^ ^TT*TT ^TTTTT t, ^ ^Tfa^R *TpT*T, ‘aft<T^T,
•fl^faTpRT *THI ^T^T*TT TWFT* SW
3 « »
^ftf?r^T faiN p t* I
*ftf?T ^f<rJ?t<T% iNftW, fa^T,
stctt frw, *rrar wnfawr ^c pr*r
3\*h, ^ffc sfe ^ l f ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
56 - 3 .
Translation.
General Properties of Gems, according to
Sanskrit Medical Science.
61. Pearl, coral, diamond, sapphire, the cat’s-
eye, crystal and other gems are laxative, astringent
in taste, palateable and cool.
Particular Properties of the Ruby.
62. The Science of Gems has it that ruby is
sweet, cool, specific for imperfect oxidation and
biliousness, and very valuable in chemical opera-
tions.
Particular Properties of the Pearl.
63. The Pearl is sweet in taste, very cool, and
specific for eye-diseases, cures poisoning and atro-
phy, and brings strength and vigor to weak limbs.
I
fW»l, b^fj 'S
wl ?trr ct, sriffin - fat,
w Fito i ^ i
(Mwtm *«! i
c?rtro farc w #t s i
ft**, 'Q TO I 'W> I
®/S r “ ' '
564 I
j
I
C\ " $
faiN^T: I |
^qq: qiqqlh ^rftsq qiqqnrq: ll ^ 8 n *
g-TjjTTTT^ f^q^qrT: I
U^HTPrU^: I
qq: fqq^ q^TT^f qrc^Tfrfqq ^wf n ^ 11
qqT^^ fq^q^WTt I
qqT^r sra^T^: qiq>fqqTf^ftqg<TJ
q^l^TfifrqiT: *qtqj q<ft ii ^ n
ctcstot i
q>q^q>T fqirq TJW qi'sq $' I
*fti^ qfw ^XH, fTTq ^qqWT, qTqqi
qft ^tq, fqq^t qfT?n # , q^TfarqiT ¥%,
qi^qft qftqiqf qs^qT^T qftc vrcw fq}%q^ qiqqiq
^tWT ^1^81
I^T^qiT fq'srq qi'fq'f* i
^xx, qftqqr, qTqq>T qra, q?fjqq>T qff
qiTqqT^rT ^X qTTW fq»%qT qq, Wt, ^ffaTpIT
qnq f>rTT ^ I I
qqTqiT fqq-q q^ I
*■ vJiT wq^Tq, ^qifqir^qqiT qjq qrc^qTqT,
qqrqfi^j wtoT tqqiqr qfaqrcw q^%3
^Wqq?T tWT # I ff I
Translation.
Particular Properties of the Zircon.
64. The Zircon is sour, heating, and curative of
unhealthy oxidation, sharpens the appetite, helps
digestion, and takes away sin.
Particular Properties of the Topaz.
65. The Topaz is sour, cool, and curative of
abnormal oxidation, causes appetite, and brings
fame, wealth and wisdom.
Particular Properties of the Coral.
66. The Coral is sour, sweet, specific for cold
and biliousness, nutritious, and grace-imparting;
and the wearing of it is very beneficial to women.
I
I ^8 i
'® e i i
TO I W I
WtW I ^ |
jqfiiTOT^T I
JTWTI
^ i
^s-rfrnprw II n
’Wri^ ^fal^^TTO II II
TT^rawf f%m: faifiR:: f^TT^i^: I
€toircr* wtrr inStf* i?fs o ^<« r
cTCSWT I
Tt^T fain? $W I
'^‘TT *r§T ^Tlf^ WW^t sfr T3, IWi
f, w>! fa^T ?Jo[ u^iT^T ^fa°RI «TT‘2r
sjr<tt t, ^ t» ?rcfa% ?^wt
t ^f?I ^tT*T I ^S I
^ffaTRST faifa 55^? I
5ft*TT <ffa^, farT 3Tf, ^
fasrfaT •tt^jt %, ww fa%<R ^rfa^rr ftw
*TT3T ll^l
TO^TOWT fa^*T IW *5=?^% |
TTWcl^T ?Tftrr ^>*TR 5 f%*|, ^HV, farT^RT *U'3T
^R^RTT ^fc *H?W% ^f%<T W* fa%*n: W*T
®S.
^■sfai ^f% 3RfTT I I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
567 •,
Translation.
Particular Properties of the Diamond.
67. The Diamond combines all the six tastes,
cures every kind of disease, is good in indigestion, is
a blessing, brings robustness, and is very useful in
chemical operations.
Particular Properties of the Sapphire.
68. The Sapphire is bitter, warm and good in
cold and biliousness, and alleviates the rage of sani *
when worn.
Particular Properties of the Lapis lazuli.
69. The Lapis lazuli is tender, deliciously cool,
and curative of biliousness, and is auspicious.
<2tTO C?TO pv5l-
f%WT, ^8, 4Tx
f5 *1% CTt*f ^Il^|
cwPm, 1%% %*r, ^r-
to i ^ t
* One of the stars influencing men's destinies. The astral influence
is still undoubtiugly believed in by the Hindus.
^T*F I
'®«i i
568
nfumr^T I
*RfWf fipjfg^r T^R^T: I
TOC.I
*tr» 7RI fa^fWT: I
^T^RRifT ^ftrf faw’ *PC I
’'JTRfarRT V(rRTTR H VQo |
W*rwt: i
=JR¥RrRRif |
*jgT*RlT3R^ ’TfiR^ li;*rR¥* 11 \9? II
^ttrT * r?ft *w. iRRT^faTffV^: ii ^ i
TOT ?ffrR, f%tRT •H'ST eR^R3RT» *n^*R,
^i^r, ^^ft<l fijir^T smr, *itw?w ^f-r,
?Fcfa% U% 3HRTOT WW ^lITf
finircvt *r wz?r % I \s® I
s>
^f^RT ^T^ir, WTrRT ^T3T
^¥TOT> ^ ft?R *pst ^tr
% ^ ^f%7r ^rfR f%%iR Rf?r
w tin 1 1 m i
^|^TnT% fsr^r iw ¥ I
*RRRI ^rfnr ¥*JTT, fa?JR> T*T3R«fiRR ^f<T
Tnrer, wra ?g ^rt ?rnr <*r¥TOT, tow
Wii tm % i ^ i
<Tp5WT I
A TEEATISE ON GEMS.
569
Translation.
Particular Properties of the Emerald.
70. The Emerald is cool, good in poisoning,
sweet and purgative, helps digestion, cures bilious-
ness, removes disrelish, is nutritious, and wards off
spectral influence.
Particular Properties of the Cafs-eye.
71. The Cat’s-eye is warm, sour and curative of
cold, imperfect oxidation, chronic derangements
of the spleen and colic, and is generally auspicious
when worn.
Particular Properties of the Sun-stone.
72. The Sun-stone is warm, flawless, good in
cold and in defective oxidation, and sacred ; it is an
elixir vitce , and is the delight of the Sun.
i
taft w\ i
fro, taw,
taw, *tftera ttatw w to f5
fcnita tatt 'sh i
fcta wrNwtw, W v s
TO I I
taft i
^if 4 ! <p?m, Ttrofsf^,
570
srfjwr^T i
fmfn
fHhrgw |
farfirc f%TCr: ftTTTT^T'fg^l
fanftfinro arrwtf«RTspi: n ^ o
W faibriw l
*Wlh§: i
wgnwTarroit ^ ^stfe-jj^ *r^ ii II
ftipqpsrr: l
3WT*rt# g ^SfiT^rT wNbnf^i **f I
^if 'sfav'sm n ^yt 11
cTCSWT I
^•j^T«ri ?rfnr^rr fairw ^r % I
^s&TSrT^fw f%TCTi T»ffar«T sinr 3i^-
wt^i, frofa* ^rfTtw ire*r sfr^psiT, w*t
pit ftw ^rk ^rf^T^T *fT3r % i\s^i
^ife^T fain* *jnr % i
^ *rc3«rm, f^TT, ^TT, omftr, W,
^ *j^t ^rnr sfiT^wT^TT,’^ *rc*n% m f%%* ifcRT
tR^r I, ^rftrai TR«r wifz^i *rfai
^<7 'SfaT 1 1 \98 I
f m*mj fain? iw l
tsRTSfWfnr z^ft*T, f^Tfa ^k f^nkk
frkfii sniT ^if^T^rr, ihr^fonjv ■ski t;% kw
%, fcw ^ ^Kt ^T f*T%, <ft tsfrlnT **k t^I
I I
o
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
571
Translation.
Particular Properties of the Cliandralcanta.
73. The Chandrakdnta is cool and cooling, and
cures hsemorrhage from the nose and mouth, is
transparent, very much liked by Mahddeva , and,
when worn, removes ‘ chill poverty’ and baneful
astral influences.
74 The Crystal gives strength and cures bi-
liousness, morbid heat and fistula. Its rosary is
infinitely more efficacious than any other.
Particular Properties of Vaikrdnta.
75. The Vaikrdnta is specific for consump-
tion, leprosy and poisoning. It may enter into
medicines as a substitute for diamond, inasmuch
as it is fully equal to the latter in producing
energy.
%®*r, to, sptf-
fto mx top «
ftfercTO TO to i
toTO^, f*ts, TO, toR ' s cTO
ffofa TOfatft, TOT CTO TO TOTO CTO
OrWt3 ^ d ^ TO TOTO3 TO1
'©«! ^P«T TO TOF I ^8 |
foTO TO WTO, ^ 'S fwTO fro<rt
TO¥, ffaTO TOTO CWV3
’TO, CTO^ fclTO TO tiTOTOIto fTO?
TOR I fid I
Particular Properties of Crystal.
i
wTOsti RrTO '®«i i
TJUU
tsffTJrf sffar S3 I
*T#*T?T^ l3»T5rf ^ II
Tm<!ii ^Tfat^TWWrT
sn^r^T^fr ^T^fiTn-ft frtmfa i
Treta!*^: ar^sfNs^isn I fc'a II
*rkq^i Tv^Tih I
ipro iruNft «nf*ro ft n \s« i
?rc5fm i
stNtt, ^«n: ^ ^ri^r, ^ f?re> ^wm-
^TT3i W^T •aftf^-rT ^ Tfftfiw t?RT*r tfcpst
Trfrffafa ftm % I \$f i
!
^ftf?TOT^r% Wct% ^T^TTT W'TOI
T$m t i
*TTf%3i3iT* ^^3>T5rl3iT, TTa?^
tJT W, srf^^t 5TfcrT3iT* f ^
T[sfpfit ^ ^STT^T
tfte f**PsTT I I \S$ I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
573
Translation,
76. A blue, a white or a red Vaihrdnta is refined i
like a diamond ; and when refined, may serve as a j
substitute for the latter.
THE VIEWS OP THE SANSKRIT ASTROLOGERS
The Seats of the Grahas determined.
77-78. The seat of the Sun is the ruby; that of
the Moon, the Chandrakdnta ; that of Baku, the
emerald ; that of Sani, the sapphire ; that of Budha,
the zircon ; that of Vrihaspati, the crystal ; that of
Sukra, the cat’s-eye ; and finally that of Mangala,
the coral ; — so says the Sastra.
c*ttf^5 foaFte
i i
CSFTtfsHtOT kw nvft*
*ttx3 hinn
ON GEMS
574
C\ *+
firiWTl'f iwt I
qTflnqjT <T^‘ x5WT?**Pra qft<PTt-
%q^r ^ U%vt t%7if^ri: Twmn i
f^^ira'fTwt xrewqqrfqfa: l
fr^ST ^7I"TT^^ |
^nqqi qr ^nfro* q^TTq iniT^it H tro b
gft gwi *g?ft "31^ sft^r ^ fa$ : i
TT^t 7ft^ft ^?ft q^rT <T"3TT II * 1 H
*rqi ^nqq q% q?: faffq qTfwqi, ^rm qir
xr?: *ftf?r, ffi qriqq *rir q?: wnr, i*t qnqq
qq q?: qrsTT, qwfa qiqq qq ^ gww, ip»
^TT«rw qir qq ?ftq^ qfa %g qriqq *rir q?: q^faqT
^Tf^t i \s<« i
vqr qq q?; q^fqqT, q^ qq q?;
sffaTj W ^Tq^ 5?q q?: qifqq, fTf qq
q^?CTq, iq^fci qiqq qq q?: ?fTi%, ^ quqq qq
qT ^t^T» "3rfq qnq^r qq q?: qqiqtq, qr^ q^qq
qq qq qtq^ qftq ig qrrqq qq qq qi^T qiqqi
q>q¥T qifqq i i I
q
qrq-
qfqf fq^qrqsqqt^ qf^q qtq^q^qii a ^<* ll
qqqqil
Tj%t% fqgw Tt^qr qw^Tqfqfa qsqq% I
qriqqr qq qq TtqT srfq qnqq qq qq ^Ntt, qTs?
Translation.
Ill Stars and how to propitiate them by bestowal
of Gems.
79. "When the Sun is hostile, a pure ruby ; when
the Moon, a good pearl ; when Mangal, a coral ;
when Budha, the emerald ; when Yrihaspati, the
topaz ; when Sukra, the diamond ; when Sani, the
sapphire ; when Rahu, the zircon ; and when Ketu,
the cat’s-eye, should be given.
What Gems should be worn to ward off evil
Astral Influences.
80 — 81. If the Sun is adverse, the cat’s-eye ; if
the Moon, the sapphire ; if Mangala, the ruby ; if
Budha, the ruby too ; if Yrihaspati, the pearl ; if
Sukra, the diamond ; if Sani, the mahdnila ; if
Edhu, the zircon ; and if Ketu, the emerald, should
he worn.
l
Cl flStf Cl IW itl ^
fill 4 ! I
fl® 4 ! Y^PT YWtY YffllJ, Y3f Y^PT
^el 1^1, fl$H ^§PT flWl, 15 fl^ 4 ! YtPT
fi$H y^pt y^pt
w,*tfi fistf y^ ^%T,<rt^f^ 4 i y^pt cartel?
<41?. ft®* 1 Ytl Wl WIT I |
Cl <5fY Y^PT Cl YW it! 4 ! ^flPs YY
Nstltl fllY 4 ! I
fill Y^PT hill, Y3t Y^
W f^r Y^pt itflu, 15 fwf Y^pt
fllil 1^1, tSSF y^pt ffw,
*fft ftsfr*! Y^PT YYt%T, YtY fw5 Y^PT CltPIY <41?
CY^ fwf YtPT W Ytl 4 ! Ill ^fYa I b-° | v-'i |
576
Hfiwnsrc i
*raJTi
CK
^srrf^f^snWRT
^T t^TX flWr sfi*n?M
*rrf^Tf^TT*Ri ^**rf%^R*R II II
KT^t qtefawq: I
*Tt f? ^T^TTfi: qte^Rf f? ?rere: I
^TR ^TI^fiT, *T§R^ ^TR ^rPfnl
V*IPST, ^R *7PRI *3^%
^TR «?HFRI ^g^ril iftffRT*
^wr ?<Tra *rg^T qrcrfSRRiT, 'arfavt ^tr
^TTqnl ^ft^TTHfiT TT^«fit ^*R T 37Tq«3l
qi^qiT *rw *tttw ^Tf%% i i
■an^^ wt qte t, ^Tt *q xwrt qfc
** TT^R!^ *fi W ^Tf%*r> ^T ^fiftqi ^f%5BT qfa
TOT % | I
TOforqr anfa^Turt totr 1 * g*5R R n
q^smi i
w$l SfTrT *F?TEl%
^ ^ r -v. ^
W1W SP5R TO* T I
\4x*ft ^r ^?rq^ *rg-sRT
qfeftwg qiXfl-% I
XT^TT^ TO *R2R f^RTR^ ^TT Tt*r, ll’fqiT
A TKEATISE ON GEMS.
577
Translation.
What jewelled Ornaments should he worn for the
82. When the Sun is evil, the ruby; when the
Moon, the diamond ; when Mangala, the coral ;
when Budha, the zircon ; when Vrihaspati, the
pearl ; when Sukra, the cat’s-eye ; when Sani, the
sapphire ; and when Baku, the emerald, should be
used with ornaments.
83. The seat of the graha under whose influ-
ence a king is born, is also his seat ; and a crystal
seat is good for all.
'life* tw*r,
iptw® c^ttcw, <nf^ w\>
fcr^r,
«rfa*i frora 1 n 1
(71 <rfsrl (71 <5ft^<l W*ltf7s ^ TOPI, (7ft
(71 TtWtlS (TTt
<icw<t Wl ^ 'Wl *rroni
: | W> |
above 'purpose.
The Seats of Kings determined .
1
frftifrtMT i
wmj
TOCTTfa I
*TUT* 'ft'S II «8 0
i?qfe I
* s i %
vYs vmi ^RTifwir 11 «y[ n
TT’aft ftteT^Tfaqra: i
Tint ^ |
TO TO* mft NtT *g# ^ *??}: II Kf D
<R5WT I
*roir ^RWT’rRf
trrt <?te ^if%% I eg |
TT^TTsfor W^TT^TT ^3%
^fc f*W *J7RR 71 W, ^ Tffw^T
^^ttit tfteii tz i ^yu
f^T^fTOT 3T?W% |
TTWT^>7T f*W f£,
^€1 ^tfww % I f^TTR ^TT7
UW«T TtcTi t | W^T q^rf^T^R, ■3Tf%* 5 ?T*R,
TJ^^TqTT, TTjfWTR^, f^f^I^R, 7T^f*T?T^>
^TlfTT^R^ ^7jfr?T^T | «f |
84. In coronation, in setting out on a journey,
in victory, and in war, a seat of loadstone should
be used.
85. In the rainy season, kings should use seats
of emeralds ; and Avlien the clouds begin to roar,
they should sit on seats of pure gems.
The Thrones of Kings determined.
86. The magnificent seat on which a king sits,
is called the Srisinhdsana. There are eight kinds of
it: — viz., Padma-sinhdsana (Lotus-throne), Sanlcha-
sinhdsana (Conch-throne), Gaja-sinhdsana (Ele-
phant-throne), Hansa-sinhdsana (Swan- throne),
Sinhasinhdsana ( Lion-throne ), Vringa-sinhasaua
( Beetle-throne), Mriga-sinhdsana (Deer-throne),
and Hayasinlidsana (Horse-throne).
i
www ns'srt
% WWW'tH wfWR,
(W WT<T^
HRif I I
WwtfawW ftwtRWfr I
(w *rrro ^Tw\
i i
580
I
^ >
qr#t ^■frT^T^rfq^t f%$: i
^Tf^TT^^I^I^t qwNt ^WIsR# tl *0 8
q^rfimqq |
*nin*faresrfecr q^qra>qfqfqrr I
q^Tqfqfqqiw qiT^sr^ri n ii
«tt?wt i
qrf?nrT^r% snqqqii q%<j €tq w * q q, *$t
^TT ^Tf^ WT ? SW ^ITTq «TTfT q^
qjTS jrq»T^q»T fq^m siq ssq% q;q^rqqi # ; q?qj?r
W^JT qq q* q^rfq^Tqq, qs^qft ^it
qq tin ^I'fq’mq, q^Tq W5JT qq
qr q^Tq qq? qq qq 'rgfq^iqq,
?*nq qrqr qq qq fq^fq^Tqq,
v 5
?WW ^ qq qq ^ffq^Tqq, ■aifqqft ^iq Wq*
qq qq qqfq'f m ^fVq qV5?^ q*TTq qrqr qq qq
6
^qfq ! mq3> qqq qqqsrq q?qqT qifwq i i
q^rfq’fTqqqiT fqqqq w? q % I
qft fq^iqq ininffrn3$ qqiq, q^qiqr qffa
qirnqqfqqi^% fqq q\qwr> q*m q>q^ qri^Tf^q
I I
87. In the opinion, of the authorities, these
eight kinds of thrones are respectively auspicious
to kings born under the eight astral influences ; —
that is, if a king is born under the influence of the
Sun, the Lotus j if of the Moon, the Conch ; if of
Mangala, the Elephant ; if of Bud'ko, the Swan ; if
of Vrihaspati, the Lion ; if of Sukra, the Bee ; if
of Sani, the Deer ; if of Baku, the Horse throne,
should be used.
88. The throne which is made of gambkdri
wood, which is mounted with pure gold, which is
decorated with lotus garlands and rubies :
rrRr
fp'ttH
T "falfiWFt, WRR W*fR
SRf <[t*R T f*Tfa
Vtfa SRI
*t*fR WR *rf^R *T*tR SRI
f*R^t*TFl RRl M I I
<R *tetfW&rfos>, *WtRl 'S *M-
?rtR rFicr 1 w i
,5 reRt 1 f I
jtfinHFsir 1
ttwi
C\ N
f^I^f sfw TT^^^T^f%¥%rTT: II C4. II
** ^T^sr I
T # % ®ref*r: SfiT^T* f%*5lH ^T^RKT II <*» ||
’OfRW^fT W<T<T *finw**r 5R |
*rftf*?rr ^rc^rfw Wfrmfflfa^fa 11 <^ \\
*nf f*teT^R i >
*^5spsrOTfe?T i
^i^kaftfarr ii a
ww aj^TfagfTpsr. ^Frsrfrn i
^TR ^TrlSIT: ^pfe?%?iT: |
Tpp?fT?7r %T?I\'SIl r f¥^T^'H SR II ||
wr5fflT I
f^¥T*R^ W q^JTTTmftfSfiT^ 3R*T-
^if^T, f^R% f^aiR wk
W S^rf^T ^<5. l
^TTf%^T, *?=f TT^T^ *TK 3Rf%3iT-
inr ^\x flM! *TO ^Tliff fiPlhWlTOr
arSr I jD6 I
*ft R^T^T^T^^nmRT^fSffi WRR 'aftf^rT
3RWT, ^T<?k faf%?T
^rat aT ^rrc tofr ^i^rrf^r^T *rt- \
ef«TT ^TtTT W ^xlf%^T %W |
Wf^I^ sfNwt l<^MI
A TREATISE OF GEMS.
Translation.
89-90-91. At the foot of which there is a
padmakosha ornamented with rubies, at the
eight sides of which there are as many figures,
each measuring the king’s twelve fingers, which, has
four figures in it, which is exquisitely embossed
with the nine gems, and which is covered with
a scarlet cloth, is called a Lotus-throne. Kings,
sitting on it, attain great power.
The Conch Throne.
92-93. That throne which is composed of vadren-
dra wood, which is decorated with chains of
conch, which is inlaid with pure crystal and silver,
the fore-parts of whose feet are partly made of conch
and embellished with pure crystal, which contains
twenty -seven figures, and which is covered with a
white silken cloth, is called a Conch-throne.
i
*rtet?r FsrcWtre
*rtT> frc* iltarfa
fwl i l ^ ^
mi to to
cVH*r ^<n
<1W C I
C<1 <^ft)
ftfcfsns, Wfasr ttw
7f c ,f s, R3fTx*if% ^efir^l m< ?rW
*Rlf*l 0 s^R TO I ^ | a>o I
L *■ ',,< ’ •
i
c\ V
I
fayfefa tf^rr. ssi^mfa sftfa<r II *.g if
’q^WT^f *r*rf*Ptf f I
*Tfa^r Tf^T«TT I
5fT*r ’9T*rranrar^T«ri n <*•£ II
I
srrwi^ ^rfrfi , w^r«TT^ft^r'aftf^r<T I
f ftfrnf II 8
cTOWT I
wt q*rq% *st^ **h«rt*
'aftf^rrT qrarfror, *it ^ ^t ^
'sftfHrt 3i^T I £-8 I
f%re^ <?TC *TW W^FR S*I«RT qffa
tt^ TT^q* tfs qq> g’jrsft wt qrpq qnq^ %
^i^eTf^ri ^thtt, f?nm Trsrf^nR %, ^
7i*rfa*Trq?T qiTrir 1 1 £.<i i
TreftfTnRW fqw^w ^ t i I
f^FTC^T 'an^rqiT^^ q^TqJTT, =?qqi
qrlftri qirWT, T*f
fasft% fqf%<r q>w i I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
585
Translation.
The Elephant Throne.
94 — 95. That throne which is made of panasa*
wood, which contains figures of the elephant,
which is decked out in cat’s-eyes, vidrumas, and
gold, whose feet rest upon heads of elephants,
which has a figure on each limb of the elephants, and
which is covered with a scarlet cloth, is called an
Elephant Throne. It leads to empire.
96. That throne which is made of sal wood, which
is embellished with figures of the swan, which is
decorated with topazes, gold and kuruvindas :
(71
fosR 'S' TO1 I S>8 1
FSMtt'ar TO* w c*\\
TO' TO I *<t I
'Q fanfare i ^ i
(2tc^i4 ^ef«14l, <TtTl WTOf
The Swan-Throne.
^Tbt I
586
JTfurfTUsTT I
^ftqqqtqqfern' q^qq^rrqqfq?r I
c \ /
II t'S ||
I j
^rs^^wfeff f^JTT^^tf^rT I
*Tf , ? ! fcqifqWT^‘ ^TiTTOSTfafrjfrr II £** n
fqTW tff%qrtlNf*falf<T: |
^ /
fsrersRq qfqcr ii <«£. ii |
cn^mT i |
f^wt qrwi fTT qqrqqr, «j> vft^-
5TPff^T TjTrf%^T^Ki Tjftfaw ^x v)?k
W% ^TT^Tf^fl ^WT, fflWt ■?^f^f 5 fTW^T q>W i,
•3ft Tl^r T$ VX Z?7, ffnJSRT q*q>l ftcTT
0 \ ;
t I «_VQ1
fq’ffq’fTqqqn fqq^w qr?q % |
qft fwqq q^qqireir qqTqqT, f^r^%
^RH($ *ftfq<T ^xm, f^f 'sHt ^ j
5Tt^% M%rT 3i TWT I 1 j
7K fq^CT ^HFT qqiT^
Urrf%qiT ^stt qfft ^tx to to q^t ^qq^r
qqT fqqhf qtfqq^i qfqq I <*<« I
C\ <
_
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
587
Translation.
#
97. The foreparts of whose feet have figures
of swans, which is decked out with twenty-one
figures composed of zircons, and which is covered
with yellow cloth, is called the Swan-throne.
This removes every evil.
The Lion Throne.
98 — 99. The throne which is made of sandal
wood, which is embellished with figures of the
lion, which is ornamented with pure diamonds and
gold, whose feet contain figures of lions and
twenty-one other figures, which is decorated with
good oyster-begotten and other pearls : ^
I
Fftft WT Ctot-
hr ,
HU ^ I
(7i wt zk
c*rtf^a, ftw ^ tupct ffcfar®,
iRrttwr
'# I S>H I
«k
W r WW
588
jrfSrorai i
I
I
C\ " J
^^rf%(5rr qrcqfri: ^r?rwt ?mf(i f%f?r n \o° it
fi I
^f^kqqqw qfrqftfqqn ii ||
^ifksrfa: qfaw^r i
Wf^TST 5 * ’TT^T ^rq^qrsjq^ II %o^ ||
fq^qri 5T qfarq ^WT^q^ftfarr I
fqfqrT II %°$ II
cTpTOT I
Wt ^«5TC ^TWf^rT ^WT, ffiwil 1w
f^TOq I TTWT VZ, »TT%
qT^^T I \oo 1
^wf%kre^qiT fqqw i
•sft fqir^ ^Hfcfi qrpg£ q^-pT^T, ■SiW^
^*nrqf*:q» iftfqq *sw, fq^f *ncqi?r qfwqi?;qr f
fqqqiT rf^ ^^q qqjqqT
qK'sr TT^rf%^TT qqxqqT , qfa qfaqr q^rt twfq?r
O C\
q>w> fqqwt ^gif^qq q^q - i I ^ tt^tt ^w-
fcHTqqqT ti:, qt qq% ■gq qk ww
qjq I I i
qqfq ,: fTqqqT fqqqq qrfq% i
^ <•
^Tf fasqqiT qiT^ir q^T^T, ^qqq^q?T%
°\
wtfqq qi^T, Vg^ffa, q’fTqt^r qt<UT,
fqqt^ f%f%q q^WT I I
A TREATISE OF GEMS.
589
Translation.
100. And which is covered with white cloth,
goes by the name of Lion-throne. The use of
this throne leads to universal dominion.
101-102. The throne which is composed of pure
champaka- wood, which is decorated with figures of
the beetle and with pure rubies, whose feet rest
upon padmaJcoshas and twenty-two figures, and
which is covered with blue cloth, is the Beetle-
throne. It brings about destruction of foes and
victory.
103. Tme throne is made of nimba wood,
decorated with figures of deer and ornamented with
sapphires, mahdnilas * and gold.
| irfks *ttcsR i \
| i
(R
ctffas, Rt^T<l mfast w
^©t^F im, *
| i
(R f^^lTR C*ttf^,
\ 'S I ^ 0'S I
The Beetle Throne.
The Beer Throne.
i
* Vide ante.
590
C\ -
**lf#m*r ?TfT |
qraftfNraTOfatqc«nr^^nr II ? °8 II
'rqf^wr^ l
^srcwfasrfZfT ^^T^tw^fTf^rf |
sfTfRT: ^^Hf?r: n \°y n
^faVl^R «TT'*T Wtfaw^fiT || % o^ ||
<TT3TOTI
f^T^5RT fIT WITT^T *T^T5fi er^TTcr^T* ^Tf%*T
trfrf%qiT *rt^ f^T ^ wt qiT% 3^r*r
*rp*Tf^i *mi, farot qr??r% |
ttwt T^q*: t£> qreft, finrg, *rcr^,
^ ^ i I
faq^W |
qrt fifrurc srmiTO sfireir ^rw?-
’jftf^H SfiTWT, ^T"T% <TT
C\
«rfa?r, ^T=fTrT5Trf%^T *tct«rt gt^T^x farcqiT
%*n, wt fqfqw wtoI wf%?r qrcwT,
Y*rflhrre*r qi^% I qft TT^rr twc ti, ^rt w&
flraroft mz l ^ \\°$\
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
591
Translation
104. Its legs rest upon heads of deer ; it contains
forty figures; and is decked out in blue cloth.
This seat confers wealth, victory, prosperity and
healthiness.
105-106. That throne which is made of nag-ltesara
wood, which is ornamented with figures of horses,
whose legs rest upon seventy-five figures and
heads of horses studded with all the gems, and
which is decked out in colored cloths, is called the
Horse-throne. It confers wealth and victory.
Wt, fW5b 'S «Rt to
WI>8|
WttWt
'Q f5src35tfin?fl1w,
^ I I 'io'to i
The Horse Throne.
I
|
nfiroiw i
#/«*“
^ 592
I
> (\ '
| tt^t ^T^faiW I
*^praN?r. tjw. i
^kuTT^fft TlTfi ^SHTT^^WIT^: II % ®a II
'wk^ IfeSi ?rW ir ^ l
*fasf%u 4twt a^rnfNt 3 W(?sr ii \o« ||
TI^T I
*ttot ^Ttyuriw
wNft vk* n ^®<« n
cTt^WT I
TTWT^iT TPTW I
^ ^t, ^w^iu, ^t5taT tItt-
^kfi 'afYfkrT, t:^ifi% ^t*r ^T«fTW w*r-
5T*T=fi I || \o\Q I
sn^w ^rrk^#? ^k'T ^Swr TT^hnit *rt-
sR»f% ^TTf^Tipi- ^tt, ^rarfa^T *fk *fkT
W% ^kt T3?3R% iftWcT ^HIT ^iflR I \ I
TTWI^T WSF$t f*nhr I
^rara% ^f%^^ftfcr% 3 «trt ^k'ar
TfT^T ^*fj ^jf%£r kk W^ii ^=fi ^TljlWW*
^ssjt TkT ^ttjtt«tt ^if%% I \°*- 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
593 **
Translation.
The Regal Chowries. *
107. A two-handed white diamond-studded
chowrie, with a gold handle, is pleasant to kings.
108. The handles of chowries of Brahmin,
Kshatriya, Vaisya and Sudra sovereigns should
respectively be ornamented with diamonds, rubies,
cat’s-eyes and sapphires.
109. The regal umbrellas should be fringed
with thirty-two chains of thirty -two pearls each ;
and their tops should be crested with a pure
diamond of the Brahmin species.
| stsrtfwFfa FtsmMir i
«
ftw, br^r 'e < 4 % Ftfa
iw wl i i
! i
j *rffr ftw 1w® i >s> i
* The bushy tail of Eos Grunniens, used as a fly-flap and as one of
the insignia of royalty.
The Regal Umbrellas.
^*rpF I
^TTl q^T*Tts f^^rT |
II h° it
*T^T Wtqft ■rftqjfq^TOqiqr I
6
f^Elitapirret fair I
?T«T 5 TVHf^r WTt^Wf II ^ II
Wtsfa^qT^ ^?WK ^WfT I
^ 6
**HW *gf% OTlf^anfi^mpt 1 m II
*ra*rpw f ^f^. qfo wrf^ tyfi
^ TkT f^RIT* q^W
^TT fqiTf ftTT ^tW>
*rt qT^qf^% TT^T ^tMq-qfqii fasfr^ T,
^cRT TT^T^t ^fWqqi qTW^t TWqiT fq^W q^TTWi^r
qr?ir% I *j 4 ifrqi sn?q \ ^nt ^^r-
^^TTfirwq: I
q^srai
TpsWJ
qi^ qp?W% I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
595
Translation.
110. The pommels of the handles of the umbrel-
las should be set with huruvindas and rubies. These
are called the regal navadanda umbrellas.
The Effect of setting pure Diamonds on the Fronts
of the Palaces of Kings.
111. The fronts of regal palaces should burn
with pure diamonds. This wards off every kind
| of evil.
The Vringdra ascertained.
112. The vessel which is used in pouring out
water in coronating monarchs is entitled vringdra.
The gems which should respectively be placed on
the vringdra, having regard to the various astral in-
fluences swaying the intended kings, are as follows: —
I
fW5
\5t^t V§ ^ I
I I
Tp'ttwlrs im fw
XXX
J
q^TWWT W rTWT I
4t# TOFTO* W ^ ^frTflT: II *
s^T^n *T »foft I
^iT^r^f qifq *4qT^qgq?m 11 ??8 ll
it
Vkn q^TTf^ t^^ter qq q i
mv\ W’g-gwt iN^Twfa II %%\\\
T<sffaf%?5r q; fqrf^pfq: %q>¥T^: |
* T^^^T^T-iT II %%$ ||
qqswi i
*4, iq, ys^rfH) ?pfr, -5rf% 4k
q^ ^Trft ?re% ^tt^ fwq tpwt«t % fq*4
’qfqqqrqiq€ fqi 3T2TT?ff*<tR;«fi' TTTfw^J, 4kr,
fsr^T, f«T» «lkT, qT^T 4k 4\fa,*r? qT<fr TW ^5TT I
faqqu qrqr I, fqq^ ^tfaqqiq- qjfe
qw t*iT qif% ^Tf% I qrqqT ^rtwqfi qi qrfjqij-
q*nqT qiq- qqi*T aifaq i I ??8 i
W ^fqq> t^r 4k ^ ^kt ^T?ft^T^t
TT^T^t qWTq?qqTT% 4kr, qifqqr,
4k qfr^rT qft akt qrT?rk xm taTiHYll
4V TT^T q^f qq fq^TT qj^qf qnT*r ’qfaqqi q^fTT
4t q^<T f^T 4tif rT T 4k 4\q | I ^ ?:twt
q4t ymjx U^jx qjf% WT7i I, *fr wig 4k qfa-
4k Ttm 1 1 ? ? f i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
597 ^
Translation.
113-114 For those respectively influenced by
the Sun, the Moon, Budha, Vrihaspati, Sulera , Sani
and Rahu, the ruby, diamond, cat’s-eye, pearl,
sapphire, emerald and pearl should be placed on
the coronation vessel. None need be placed for
those kings influenced by Mangala ; but the pure
golden or the clay vringdra is auspicious for all.
115. In the vessels used in the coronations of
Brahmin, Kshetrya, Vaisya, and Sudra sovereigns,
diamonds, rubies, cat’s -eyes and sapphires should
respectively be placed.
116. Those sovereigns who are invested in
compliance with this ordinance, attain long lives
and prosperity ; otherwise bad results ensue.
F 5 f, 55 , v 3 <tn *m-
TON, ftw, bipi, W\> TO*® 'e wl
<4^ vr^r TO ton ; ?*tW®
cTOi to
m i ^ <rl TO TO toto
i i ^ 8 i
fcNi « *£% <4% Ftfl wTffa TOi-
from TOwTOTO TOto ftro, TON,
's ^%r, Ftf* srffW <rafwN fros n^<t i
(7i *Nf% ^ tot fro ftTO Nfirai Nf%1w
to f%f5r fNftfr TOTOft ^7© *fttro
TOT5tFTO TOW TONI top i ^ i
*Ts^t? I
598
I
I
^n§rjT qq^qiWq^ qfifiH ^WTT^Iqfi I
q^TW || ^ fO H
fq^f^ST^q qq^j ^ftqilqfajqqT |
^ffpg T$W qifnrqqqq ^ H % ?* II
T^frT qn^q^f q ^ I
?qfq q -^rTfawfnT R^J^rTTf^ qf^fq I
q=q?^ qjT^f^ ^ qqfarqqq fq H ?£ «
qr5WT I
*nf?3TT fw TefWTT^^fT 3 \tF?T T I
qqqiq Tti I
fjrqiT, qq^TT% RTir^iT Wq, qRfeqiqfq, TJW^TW,
^T^T^fT, q^TW> f^qft ^ I ? W I
t^*fiT f^^lf^T, qq^, Rl^T, •JTtd^iTT, *ftfq,
qftq ^rfrrir q>fq qq^T Tt<TT t, qVq qfq,
qifqqs I ? ^ I
qi^> q>n, inn w vff ! qqq qq q^ qft
Tg$ qqtq (pTT 1 fqq q^qT, q*V fqqq qq
qil^fqq qTR q^q qiq qjqqT I ? ?£. I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
599
Translation.
The putting of Gems on the Ground interdicted.
117, 118, 119. BhagabJLna said : — “ "Whoever, O
Earth, should foolishly place on thee the sword,
the horn of the rhinoceros, crystal, topaz,
the sapphire, the sun-stone, the rudrdJcsha *
kusumula, the nirmalyci, f the edibles offered to
a god, the emerald, gorocliand,\ the pearl, the
oyster, the ruby, silver, gold, and the coral, shall
verily live for ten-thousand years in the hell
called kdlsiitra.”
fcrcw,
c?fWr» etrfa. ^ w ct
^ <rjf^ cs-fatre
i
I *>^> I
* The berry of the tree Elceocarpus Ganitrus.
t Flowers offered to a deity.
t A yellow substance found in the brain of kine.
nfiroreir i
600
fPSW I
0\ "
I
3 *fw5rRT I
^ ^Tfn wgrsft s 7i^f?r ii **• n
*t*r 3R^*r<pr i
s&t*srN^T ii ?^? ||
^whwisr I
T^TVTTW^KW II m n
% fz^x ! ^ft *rgT*r tKt» *ftf?r, *bn ^ *nfw«R
^T*T *RT2J «ITW% I I
xmk SR^TTT STRTO ^ 3R?T * I
xwfi ^i^t fo% vx wr, ^rar.
^rfrWTTO (%% Ttm t I w I
T75R *TTC*!R TT^^T ftw, v^, 'TTq
^tr ^freRT «tt' 3!» sfs vtflT * i I
crrsrai i
x^ ^r*rt w srw% I
TTRTf , TR, ^R^ *R ^\x ^etir^TT^T
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
601
Translation.
The Fortune attending bestowal of
Gems for Merit.
120. He wlio bestows on Brahmins diamonds,
pearls, corals and rubies, goes to Indra’s heaven.
The Fortune attending the Wearing of Gemmed
121. The wearing of gemmed ornaments brings
respect, fame, longevity, wealth, happiness, strength
and fruition.
122. Over and above this, it wards off evil
astral influence, makes the body healthy, removes
misery and ill-fortune, and washes away sin.
(71 ftW, *lTfTO TOTO
TO TO, CH ^rf^ 5 TO TO I I
<r*TO e i TO<1 ^fror TO?, TO[> «r, TO 7 ?
'Q TOTOi TO?TfTO ^inoi
TOro TOiti *tftora ^sTO*t
^ TO 's (ttiTOj '2t*tfsr® i i
Ornaments,
t
wrtTO wr i
WfTOTOTO w i
602
wfoHnsri i
TOW I
0\ N
T^TORl^TTfa^TO^TO^TO | II
^TOTOTO I
vmi TOW *ftfWTO TqfWTO’sfcqff I
qaSjfa ^TTOTO fagW *RTOWWW || \^s II
?ST W fftTOfw ^TOWTOflfa ^ |
3 d
wtotw ?fHhn^ toto: n ^yt H
^IfTTOT IWWT<sR qw |
frore ?i^T vro: n t\A n
cTCWfll I
WTO TOTO, WTO WTO wk wro, TO
TO jftfw tw % ^k TOTOTf^ wq^TOT
«TT'3T TOTOTTO, TO, TOkw TO^TO ^k TOTO
troiwi tl I
TO'JT^' TOW TO TOW % I
«ft totw ^to totV, toto wtfw> qjw, wjto
^ k ’jkr to to^t Xwk %, to *nr«fiRT fafw
wtoiw wfrft % I ? ^ 8 I
gft WTOT ^[TO ^WfT, ^Zlft, T&m TO TOW
\3 ^ ^
TO, ’ft TOUT TOTO* <Tt^TOT5f^T TOWTWt TO*
v3
TOWTW TtW t I ^ I
% to ! to-st ^raw cti^ttot wtfiftT wm*
wqn wtt ^k wto wto ^tw to, wf wtot w^w
qk wk wtowitto tot* Ttw I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
'*'1#
603 ^
Translation,
123. Elegant dresses, garlands, fragrant objects
and jewelled ornaments are the objects of desire:
they remove the disturbances of Hdkshasas, restore
health and bring wealth and good fortune.
The fortunes implied by dreams of Gems.
124. The man who dreams a fish, flesh, a pearl,
a conch, sandal or a diamond, comes by immense
wealth on awaking.
125. If one sees a sacred spot, a palace, or a
gem-house, attains success and strength, and reaps
the merit of having actually visited a place of pil-
grimage.
126. O Yraja, the man who in a dream bestows
on a Brahmin a pearl-chain, a garland or fragrant
sandal-paste, gains riches and happiness.
Wl, STfeTL '2 TO«1 4 I
'Q I I
CT TO (TTifW, '2
ftW wfa TOf, (71 TOtY fnjyf «R TO ^ I ns I
spg5J$t«| W,*\ #7l%7b ^tf%n v 2
''2 WTR l^<t I
CTO"^ ! (71 TO TOiTO
3jt«Tr, 'FfR TO, (71
'S ^ l ^ I
i
TO I
YYY
w
f TSWqWVjfarTT I
W ^T ^ xit4<^ II *^0 II
^T ^ qif%3iT 1ST TOT I
ci ®l
T^W ?j qf?r&T W^pr II ^ H
^TWT^Ti I
^•ar w* ti*; |
11$ *tsrt ^ f^rsnr 11 ?^<« 11
tf
cftsmr i
X~m ^farf ^qq€t f^TTft
*&*IT fqj*T% 1TTO ^T, fHw TO: TOTift
I I
*rif%3iT, T^*r*r> ^x t# *rro
*ffw«5T *TT^T ^1$, <ft ^4^ qfcTST fat |*^«|
TMm qrer i
TT*T^ 3ft WQ* «R W5WP*
^c qr^qqs w*r ?m *$■, ^qt *qt
fq^KT, ^ ^Tfa *r qffa irqqft ^nr 'wfar I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
605
Translation.
127. The man on whom a virgin of eight,
glistening with gems, smiles in a dream, becomes
the favorite of JBhagabati.*
a white cloud, or who in a dream obtains a crystal
chain, receives respect everywhere.
The Effect of seeing Gems on the eve of a Journey.
129. On the eve of setting out for a fight,
Ramchandraf counted upon victory when he hap-
pened to see auspicious signs and hear auspicious
sounds.
<2tt^ T ^ ^ I^H |
<4Vs |
osr^«i wire srs wtfws *tffeR,
fof^T I
128. He who dreams of a girl, the rain-bow or
* The spouse of Mahadeva and personification of the cosmic force,
t The redoubted solar hero*
jf* 606
flfinur^T i
Cv "*
'pRqpq ^liiww f II ? 3 ° II
. r ^ r • J ♦ .
^nrqrcapg fa^c wq^q l
s wtT«s tw* ^ir ^fi ||
qrqqn^nfqwq: I
^wnrcrfl$*Nrf q^rt: ^fz%sr qr I
^tw^t ^ 4 ^tt qn^rr wwfqpn^fir: |
fTOBnwflfiM ^TrtlW qq?T n tkR ii
W^TTOfcqi^iVsWT^q: |
tohp» x * foqt q^?rj
qjqq 1 ^i%qqiqq qnfaq;., qtft, *ftf<r,
^tt^t ^rfqr, TTTiT, ?y\ ^mr, ^wx qpq, jw,
f^i citqT, ^sfzqiTifqr, qm> ffe, qrq?q,
^mx ^q qfk TKt qqq ^qqqq* q^
^%i ?^l ?^i
wq fq»%ir fqqq ?ft$w qjqqr* W?tt 1 1 I
qft x
^"TT
qwitqqfl
cIOWTI
^rtm, PI, q^TW, q&feqi, qT q^hfiTqi
STW^FfiT fqqq qrcqi qTT%q, ^ «RtT qi^T^
«rq fqs^ir qft q;qr^Tq qYftrqffc qjqr qF^qr^Tir
Translation.
130 — 131. He saw on his right rubies, silver,
pearls, gems, curds, khai* white grain, white
flowers, saffron, copper, crystal, mercury, vermilion,
the red and the white sandal-paste and diamonds.
The Rosary determined.
132. The rosary should he composed of pearls,
coral, rudrakshya, or crystal ; or the names should be
counted on certain finger-joints. A rosary of gold or
gems is a hundred times as auspicious as any other.
The Effect of wearing Rwdrakshas with Gems.
133. The man who wears rudrdkshas, together
with pearls, corals, crystals, silver, cat’s-eyes and
gold, propitiates Mahadeva.
i
dfar, wi> ^
K
*rtor, w x s ftW
%*R I 1^1
Ms i
fs*i, fosR, toM m^\ wfal
W*fS°N*trl Ms Wl WSJ, (TFft STO
cs tot 'e wm
starts to
«*rtw i ^ i
TO>g* TOfTOtTOlS TO I
(7i sr% ^1, £7TO> toM csVfo
<4^ TO WS TO, (71
sif^ Tm i vo« i
* Parched grain.
ETftrJTT^TT I
JT^TJT
C\ "
q<q : qTqtqqqq;%q;qf i
q[fqqi^qzqrTq: w^qr^fqqfwTr i
q>qqiqqrTFi: ^Tftqqfwq II 11
qfeq^qrfqirqqr qT^firirq- qjiqqfcrfq: |
qiT’qw qfilfzii qTq q^qrff^fafqfqq' |
qiqqq q^FT q?q qiqqrgqnF^T'q n h
qqqrai
q^q qwt qi'fq^ I
qf%qqfqq qftq qq qfq^q qrqqft wN^q
wtz q?tz fqqfq q*q% q^w qqq qkr
^qfa qtfq qiff qw ^IT, <Tt wq Tt qftq qq
ftqqfqq? qfeq qt»rT i ^8 1
qTqfqq q>T qqr^ f%q qiqq qqqq
q»w t, q> q»q q t’ I
TTqqi^q ( qTqTqqiT qq qftq feqfqqqqr qq^ft
FT^r ) qffr qfq i ( ftq qftq qifqfqfqq *tift ) q¥
ft qnqqir qqr q^FT q>r% qufzqi, ^t ^ifqqi
qfnrqq% qqreT qxqq qqwi qif%% Fqq<T fqqqfaq
qq qq q ftqq qft qq! | ^yu
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
609
Translation.
How to jpurify Water by Gems.
134. By first straining water through a piece
of clean and thick silk, it is freed from animal culse ;
next by putting under it gold, pearls, &c., it is
rendered perfectly pure and good.
The Placing of cooked Food in suitable Vessels.
135. Ragashdraba ,* sat t aka f &c., should always
he placed in vessels of glass or crystal, or in those
studded with cat’s-eyes, &c.; otherwise the qualities
of the things may change.
I
uw wt<rl i
^1% V98 I
arnfipfo *ft<4 tore l
Tl htotft wtoto ?rftl
WIT, «ttC3T I V®* I
* A dish composed of a kind of kidney bean called mudga , mixed
with the pomegranate and the grape juice.
f It is composed of flour mixed with ghee .
:i p
; (/•
" i
«WRS ^JT^f STT ^fW i
q^a tqsr f<roW^ n m II
*Rfe* * qiqwr ^n^-JW^TTT^ «rig^ |
^ttt q^qn^ ^ i
qHTTq q^nqff W^Tj^r II ?^s II
q^qqq sr%qqrqq«qr i
fq^q ^fqq qqq q^jqsqqT faq I
T.^qWsq t^qj wrfti ^TTir^ifq^T o I
qqrqq- qt fq^n^Tf^ ^ifwf qfqrgqhfq w> l
qq ctwt ^rci^*rsrifa qwq fq II II
tRSHRT I
qqqjqqi qf^q qnqqqiT fqfq qiqq% I
% qr^qi qqqtqq? q%*qi qatqiqq 'wfcr,
^rjJT^twq qtfq, ^feqq qqrfqqT, qq? ci qffqq qnf>
qnqq qw qnf%q I % ^ l
qf%qf^q>q qfffeq?, qrf^qq qq^q
q^qnq, iqiqqtqq ql^T qfk* q^qq qirnqi wrq
qi^wr TrfT q I %k^ I
T^qiT qqifq ^fw^T qqTqiT ^ %‘ I
%■ fq^TT^Tf^ ! qft qi^r ^t1%^tt^t 'ftqqq qqTi
^Tf%qi, qhrT> qr^fq^T, ^Rfarq qiqr
qt?; *m qi^T^T qqqq wfwqiT qqfi q>^> qt q^w
fq^-qt qq, qq, qq, Wt, qit H **« II «
Translation.
The Setting of Gems in Temples.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
611
136-137. O dti'ija, on the east of an image should
he set the diamond ; on the south-east, the pearl ; on
the south, the cat’s-eye; on the south-west, the
conch ; on the west, the crystal ; on the north-west,
the topaz ; on the north, the moon-stone ; on the
north-east, the sapphire ; and near the middle, the
ruby.
138-139. 0 dear, large-eyed girl, he who reveren-
tially worships Salcti with a vessel set with -
vidrumas, rubies, sapphires, cat’s-eves, crystals, and >
emeralds, indubitably obtains wealth, sons, wives [
and fame. 5
I
^1, wfaTfto b$7, toirotoi
wi too - i ^ i
to, ^ wror fwfa
I ^ i
<3 fTO ! (71 to,
The Effect of Worshipping Sakti with a
Gemmed Vessel
(7i (to w-fW® w *rf^ toferai to, <?r
^to toto «rc, to to i
612
TpjffTI
C\ N
«rrftRH3 ^ ^ wmr i
*nsfc$q ^r Tt^5 ^ it * 8 © II
^f*7TT *T^ ttf ^TCr^T ^ II 1 8 Ml
TW^TOspirer I
W fqwT^jqw wi |
fqtjjcq* ^T^TTrT^f II
^anfesfit t*ff ^nrwhihi ^t i
t% ^tttit ?r qjfn prefer tf II ?s^ ii.
cTJTWilT
T5I% qfWtqiT qfl'H'% I
qf%% ^KRW tfT^W ^TTfniqj, *>fa, ^T^T, ^T-
5?fw, 'ffar* |^r, ^frur ■ysniT^rT *rir irg-
q^rt ^jq qr^tqiT q^fT fqi«jT i ^8° I (
T<q% q^RT q^fiqiT w qrf?r% i
«\
srrowft «fNri^t ^qbst *rf=?r q^i<r ^«tt
f^f, Tfii fq^inq ^TTTT *T% I ? 8 ^ I
q^w ^»fzqwf%qiT tq^qfr *rfw qqig sp;% qwT
fqiq) qqfl' l^r qqwqjrqqrr | £ 8 § |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
613
Translation.
The Worship of Lalcshmi with Gems.
140-141. Primarily, Narayana worshipped Lalc-
shmi in Baikuntha * with rubies, pearls, garlands,
good gems, diamonds, milk, saadal-paste, beautiful
twigs, new clouds, etc.
The Fortune obtained by Worshipping Gemmed
Images of Goddesses.
142. By worshipping the image of a goddess
studded with sapphires. Is ar ay ana has obtained his
wonderful spiritual power for ever and a day.
143. By constantly worshipping a goddess made
of crystal, Varuna\ has become the master of all
the waters.
I
I
hrfdb 3ifT e f<FJ, ^§!1, srfeTl,
^ ^prwi* v s SR om
Ws TOSf I :>8° I ^8^ i
i ^ i
W c l 7t#fl ^#<RfT C*ffR ^TRt«Rl ^Iwi
^ i ^8s i
* The heaven of this gocl.
f The god of water.
614
ufamnsq i
^*Tf TT«f^ q?T I
Ov
ir«r *rt*rt$fq 11 ?as n
g*nsr«wnfif W qqf^ ^TftTr^T*. I
irq ^rt^TT^n: qqFrftq vt ^ n ?ayi w
q*T*3Pnff W TOW *TT<TT: |
uro m: w srf qqifai q*:tf qsr i ? 8 ^ i
<twt <qqfq q^^f% qtf wfw i
fsrqf ^fnnrsff g-5*r *T5T%f^?f H ?«S II
qtSTRT I
q^T Tftf^qn - wfw q^R q<T% q^T fq%,
vra l ?gg I
qqqfoi q^Tq q>*:% ^t f %t»
wfaft 'wq qpc% ^TtR qTWq qq| ^ 8<JJ
TiTsqiTqw tN^t qfw qqrq q»T% w4^t
qwT fair, qir qis<q qxq to* ^tR ^jtw qiqq
<\
qq^ I ?8^ i
% ^T5f ! gq*ft qfeT qq\€t qffr^Wl W» 7R
<?tam qqtsfqqrTq q^T 'ffal <3 tR qfqqiT
«\
qfqiq i I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
615
Translation.
144. The Moon constantly worshipped a goddess
made of pearls, and hence his divine effulgence.
145. The Pannag as* paid their adorations to a
goddess composed of coral, and have, in conse-
quence, come by high stations.
146. Women can always escape the curse of steri-
lity by adoring a goddess decked with diamonds.
147. Therefore, 0 God of gods, do thou too
pay thy devotions to a gemmed goddess, that thou
mayst see thy dearest desires crowned with fulfil-
ment, and that thy life may be “ one perpetual
growth of heavenward enterprise.”
w *r#n c*rffa 'sr&rl toft, <7 rt to
CTO* I i>88 1
TO tot eftTOft c*f% TOi
cTOW# TO *rw to S8<t 1
wif & r% to sriro
TO TO ^ I ^8<b |
era! s ^f^ft (if%
TO vst^t vs cTOt^ toFtoto c«tii $tf%-
TO 1 ^8^ 1
Semi-divine serpents.
jrfiimrefT (
616
j
»cT ^qiq I
f%^ifq qrarfasTT g ^rfaTOTg^qq: i
fq^qmtf wwt ei^rw: inft: n
T^qfaqsi f%w finur^n qfacr q^T i
qH*:T*m misfit t*r fq^qq: ^fi: II *g£_ I)
q^fw* fqqjq^: |
wfeqi qqnft tt^ti qTTf^Tqrrefqf^rr II *<J®
cirSTHI I
qqiq q^rxq>T q»q qr?q %' I
^rfr^t qhri
C\
fqsqqqn wfeqiTii srgnii ^gqrc frr^r
^qq- ^qq ^fsqqiTTqi ^l^q fqiqf%iq<r
faqtfq q»T% qqil ^qqq I I
fqq^ T^qWqiT, ^ qf%qr, fqq foq-
q©fT q?qq q I %%e. i
°\
'q^qT qtfqqrT) qrfjq '^fcT'fiT* qqn qrfeqi qfiqqiTj
qqr qt^T faiqf%^¥t qqrr to *rq 1 ^y® i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
617
Translation.
The Fortune acquired by Worshipping Gemmed
Images of Siva.
Slit a said :• —
148. Having been desired by Brahma — tbe
Creator — Viswakarmd* made for and gave to each
a linga of Siva, suited to his possessions.
149-150. Vishnu always worships a Siva-linga
of sapphires ; Indra, one of rubies ; Kuvera,
one of gold ; the sensible Moon, one of pearls ;
Agni, an image of diamonds; Varuna, an
image of crystal ; the twelve A'dityas, an image
of copper.
I
=^5 ^f*nrl%*ra i
f^R I |
wfl ^ i i
to, vfw*f Rtfwi vtaRal
| 'ifto |
* The Hindu Vulcan, without the opprobrium of rebellion against the
* 618 JFTfajTfTT^TT I
*TfT«TT T rTt qqi^qqq \
fa qj trWifiir q*ft ^T^rT T[*r I
^ qqqq q^q: q^ I W t
qfqq I
*rT*U5q^7T?i N qifqcr q?nqT^[ qqjq<T: i
qftqTqfqirqw qq^Tfa qqiqw 11 n
!sn% q^f%l^ ^roras-q^i I
^Tqif fq^T?T ^Tqq ^fqf^rr II t*lk
^T^qt: lw q*rn*nra q< l
fqfqqq vftq^qwq spr n ?^8 11
cTCSWT
^5tt ^t 1% qqq^r fq^fa qsreqT, qq
qmqiT flrqfqr^qiT qsri qrc% q^rq^qfT tttf Ttq
I I
qi'wq %* i
qq qTqq»T qqq>T fqqiq sftfa ’qit,
fqqqq qfqqT^q>T fw^T qqTsfiq Sfi?;qi qi^q
% I I
qqnqr qif%qiq TfcTqn qqrqT fosqfq^qqrq,
^ qjffqTq q^qiT q^T^T ftrqf^qwq,
irtfam q^RT ftrqfq^r^q, *nqw *nf*-
°v
qTq qfaiqiT qqiqi fqqfq^qqrq I I
qT% ^Tf% 5 nt qTfwqqiT q^T^T faqfwqqrq,
f qK qTffqTq qtq^fiT q^TST faqf^T^ 5 ! I *Jsi
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
619
Translation.
151. Again, Ananta* and the other great ser-
pents adore the ling a of eoral, Niriti , of wood,
Yama, of emeralds. The worship of these leads to
the highest power and greatness.
152. We have thus given a brief account of the
Siva-vrata ; — now we shall come to the consider-
ation of the months, in respect of this subject.
153-154. In April, the diamond ; in May, the
emerald ; in June, the pearl ; in July, the sapphire ;
in August the ruby ; in September, the zircon :
stts, w: e i wm wm
wl i ^ I
^rtPi w^> ^ar^nr i ^ i
's$m *itpf i 1
*£The great serpent’who kept the earth from going down to
« bottomless perdition ,, at the reign of Chaos.
Listen further.
«FF5tf? ^
?nm, *rtPi
, «rw?
A — 4
620
*rewi
^iTf^ «f$»T few *rpnf^% I
^t*jTT?T*fa 3TT% U ^rf%^f II ||
■q?T^TO% 'cT^TnlW ^TW lw I
^4*tt*tw TW[*n*renw t^fa^r *t MULf |
TTTIWW *nf%^fa ^faTOT SPTRT fasfa^R,
?ufa^fa TO’CTBI^T fa^falptniR, *TR
*rif%*rfa *fro «r«rfaT fa^fainoR I I
^T$ST ^fa^fa TjfTO *RRT farefanp-
tT5R ^fa HW % I ifa *nfa?rfa W 5 ? wfasjjT faR-
f%^^5i I, ?r wtwwi firaf^rsF-
vww ^t=^t 1 1 W I
^ *faT ^r fair <?t RpffaT, ^ w few <?t
cffa^T, ^ <TfaT w fair <ft ^TTSTW, ^ 'iim *r
fai <ft *n»ra faref^ «ri^% twt mx i *yhsl
%*Rfa TTWr^T rTT^W 7RT I
*TTW fa^‘ fstf^lfafa II *1^ II
crown
SRTffT35 *nfa«TT^ ^fal^T 35TRIT famfaw 5 ^
wsr ^ffa ^?r *nfa*n*r ^rrifaT ^^ti^tt faptfa^-
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
621
Translation,
; 155-156. In October, the coral ; in November,
the cat’s-eye ; in December, the topaz ; in January,
the serpent-stone ; in February, the chandrakdnta ;
I and in March, the gold Siva-linga, should be
| respectively worshipped. For want of others, the
| image of pure gold is good for every month, and its
I worship is auspicious.
157. For want of gold, the silver ; for want of
silver, the copper ; for want of copper, the stone
image; for want of stone, the image of fragrant
\ materials, may be formally worshipped.
bat ^
Wl ^7® *tt£I i ^ I
isrc-ii?!, ^’SrC'S?
^ttanr f*K-
i
fepf ^ Wl W3T I I
ufarnunT i
62a
fflTC 331=3 I
f%# far^TT^T^f v*si ^f%5T*. I
sw«?fat[W?hr avrfsf*^%S: o fy^ n
3T>^* injure gwi ^ trt ii ii
^<T fTR^TTClf rfWT ^SfifT 3T |
TW<p*n^*T f%WTf% ^ |
tfkivfrl ^ || {£• ||
^ «w *nf^ t*rarow t*it*
far^T^t *rcw fw^T efi^WT
®\
^Tf%^ I *«(« I
^T, *T*IT , ^faTCT* ^TT, arti^, 5RTfw^i, ^fftfrr,
€tWT» ^ift, <TT«TT» ft**, ^T^T, ^ X<H *rg«ft
fai^f%W ^3? rT qf%^r 'q"5Tf ^nr^T sftja
°\
** TOW SfilTO^fr tTO ^t72r% I ^<5 | ?fo I
cRSWT I
^ffc 3TSW% I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
Listen further .
Kumar said, —
158. The stone lingo, of the God of gods, — the
hearer of the trident — should be devoutly wor-
shipped by all men as well as by Brahma and the
other gods.
159 — 160. A linga of sapphires, corals, cat’s-
eyes, diamonds, zircons, rubies, pearls, gold, sil-
ver, copper, brass, or emeralds, is very sacred, — and
the worship of it is attended with the fulfilment of
every desire.
f*r*rfTO wij ' s
<?ra«tc*fa wi wit i w i
ftw, cttw,
W®, '®'T3T, fsteST 'S ^ <ff
^ 'S bbb'
b^tfbfWtW I ^ I >&• I
i
^Tf^Q I
^f*nrt%9R i
624
jRfismm I
W
I
qrc<^w ’nrTHc? qkircrra q I
°v
^J^InT ^WfWrT^TfTZ^ q4qiiq4 B ||
qrfqq I
q4 T?rqq qq q^qftf^f^ l
^f%# qfaircrrq q 4tf%qi n ?f ^ ii
I%^ r qqTqtqr vfhffaroi* I
qr£ql f qre^tlr frqrq ^qiT^iw ii b
cPCSWT I
4k qr??r% I
qrciqiT fcq1w% qft qir, fqqqft ^■^J 4 ^4
4faT t I Wt ’Ttfrl^ q^R fW%^ q% f^W ^tT^T
^TTIzr I I 4t ^qiT«rrqiT q«Tiq q4,
fqq*qt q^riT 1 1 4k 4t qkqrr qqk
fqqlw q^, fqqq\ qq qrrqqT faff- Ttm fr IK* I
4k qrs^% I
q4qq>rcq>T T^q?T qqk farqfqrr^ qqrqqqq
%'S t i qq% q*qq TftTqiT q^T^T fqqlw
qqrqq irw qft •tt'st 4hft % I qm% qqk kqf%^
qqqq qrafonfir Ttrft •w I qtfqqiT qqk faqtw
c\ ^ ^
qi^T *5t<ft ^ I I
qqiqkr 4 tt wt^fcqq&T qqk farqf%^ »jqrqq
qrckqft gfq 414* 1 1 qrqqfqqiT 4k q4qiqr*
qfwqiT qqiq faiqfqn^ qqR% fqqt qf% 4tqt
1 1 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
625
Translation.
Listen further.
161. Again, if a linga is made of mercury, it
causes great wealth ; if, of pearls, prosperity ; if,
of chandraJcdnta , immortality ; and if, of gold,
fruition.
162. Every kind of gemmed linga is good;
but the worship of a linga of diamonds brings
about the destruction of the enemy ; of one of mer-
cury, the accession of vast wealth ; and finally of
one of pearls, general good fortune.
163. The worship of a linga made of malidnilas
or blood-stones, makes the body healthy ; and that
of one composed of load-stones and the siiryalcanta ,
brings dignity to the family.
i
w
«3*n?r cHWnj-
«Tt'» I I
ttt **K 'Q f*ft-
fr* ^ I VW> |
i
626
nfia^T J
JT^W I
C\ x
*4«RT^’ I
’KOTRfW ^r^ntr ?twt n ^8 h
rftw t^q srw^r^rl
^ , sN ^prRT t o KYI 'I
TB* ' fspnsfsf I
^Rlfa ^ ^^Tfnj TT^^Vfr^lfiT ^ |
f^PWTWTWTfa ^ II ff f B
<PrsWT |
faRf%^ q^ir JTfZnft
5TT7T 'ftrft t I ^Rfz^i g«TT^ fs^fw <T5R$
^RTWT faff ^trft f I T^TT^T ( Tft *TH;W
fa%if im Tt^T ^THT 'sfafT t ) *rfTO ^?k TTtfrPfiT
1 ^ Tig- flj<rf%^ irw^- ?rnr Ttfft I l %$S I
^tT ^fasrranr wsttc farefcr^ ^w^ir
^mfrr ^sk ♦Trsr % i
vft^fi^T farafai* iff 1 1 ^ffc
C\ ^
^^>T5fI ifasfiT 111^ fa^falP TSTl** T**f
^><n 1 1 KYI I
TenfiT% fwroi^ tr^t *r?w% I
fisfti W5fT^T, ^rr^T ^k TW fafarf
^twt ^k W1 ^ ^tR ^TI^T^T I Kf I
A TREATISE ON GEMS
627
Translation.
164. Tlie worship of a S'ibalinga composed of
chandra-Jcdnta removes the fear of death, that of
one made of crystal causes fruition, that of one
made of suldlchyas (a kind of gem, the wearing
of which cures sulci, cholic pain) and pearls, re-
moves enemies.
165. By worshipping a S'ibalinga made of cat’s-
eyes on a sacred spot, a man attains good, and hum-
bles the pride of his enemy; — by worshipping a
S'ibalinga made of sapphires, he reaps prosperity ;
and by the worship of one made of chandra-Jcdnta ,
he realises his best wishes.
The effect of worshiping Siva with Gems.
166. A throne made of ivory, decorated with
gold and gems and covered with a many-colored
cloth ;
5if‘l '3
^ |V5»8 I
cm
1%W mi
<Ff3E«T ^ <2ttf^ ^Ti I ^(t I
sfSrTO « KU§ ftfm mi ftfrR
fdx^thd I ysb |
I
B — 4
v.r •'
X t':.
qqW%T f<^q* q«fWq Jl * s?\Q
q W qnfN^qftiqq
^ <i
TTsr^TqiqiT^ q?rq*^rcftfaiT n »
^qqfWTfa ^f%^r* %qq 5 qrg%qq |
^ 5 fn^sr*W qw^Tfq vfqrr 11 *^<5
^ tarrufWcif^Ti: 11 n
qiTWTfq q ^*qrf"i qiqiqi^qiTTfa q l
^fqq'R^rTTfq q H ||
qrswi |
qqqifqqi q^T# qqi«r ^wrxi ^rtq qtfqqn
*rerT q^q ifrfirq,^ qw q^q fqvffqq, ^rtwqsT ^$?qq:
v^x wrai i i
W, qfal ^\x X^m Zf*TVT
q»T% q^farf, TTq^’qq ^qq ^T*X I & I
q^q iw, w x& q^% qf%?i> *rq-
C\ ♦
qwq qrci ^rtfaq ^hr | |
qsqgq, f^qq qsfqiq qqjq
^wq^S^lTW qtWT ’qfa x^ qqi fqf%?rq^ | $\q© |
q^T,Tq^q,qTqTqqTT: ■JTcq qqq qq, ^qqT qqiqi
q*tfq q^ ‘aft'fVrrf qT’fq qT*r qiqj qqgf I
r-
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
629
Translation.
167. An umbrella, bright as the full-moon, \
| decked with pearl-chains, and the nine gems and >
having a stick of gold ; \
168. Two white chowries, with handles made of
gold and jewels and wearing the form of the swan ;
169. A cool mirror fragrant with perfumes,
studded with gems, and decorated with fresh leaves.
170. A deep-breathing conch, white as the
swan, the Icunda flower or the moon, and having its
back studded with gold and gems ; j
171. A beautiful Jcdhcila, (a kind of musical
| instrument) possessing a variety of sounds, made of
; gold, and decorated with pearls ; >
9\S, i ^ i
^rf% to, ^«f 'Q iwfil
^5 %k, 3prtf*F3>,
<*Ws Wt<f1 i ^ i
Wf % Off^
« srfateftt* m i i
^TtTf I
TO I Sfcfr I
'e itf&s *N i i
630
JRfiuqrai I
*TWI
0 \ N
WqWKWqiZqi* I
<rgwT*|q^qq wwqwqmqq' II 11
^WT^wf%rH 5 TT^r* T% 5 ^frc<ikw |
qq%ftZWWq fsrf^rf Tr%%r{* II ?\ 3 ^ ||
S' V> y- ^ Q Q -N^ ^-s
^fa^r?nf^fi£ 5 s»Tw;n qf^nci^q i
q g^r jfsnrrehfw vtqqsgt ^Trr: tt^j: ll P 8 I
q%q: fwqqqq i
°\
q^rgqqq wtwqiviirqqg 1
gwTwtft^qtwqfqfw fq^«fiT 11 ^y 11
qq q^ qwiqiqt qiffq^Tfq qigqg 11 11
cTCWRT !
qTqigwn: qrcii gw, ^rtwwT pre qqiz-
gw, wjftqifr oqwjqT qTWT wtw qqTqT wsH ^< 5 * q^w
qqjqT qw tot wtw gw 1 w 1
q*tfqWT TfTWT W*W ■arff^TrT W^W ^T^T"
f^q, towt qqTqT qm wre gw» wim* i’zqT
qqTqT ^tT* ^W I I
TO*r qzK qw qq q»gq w\ fargwT wt* q\
w\t. ^tq qfw I wir fqq qfarsft qg w I ?^8 1
srf^rsp;^ farwtjwiWTWW qr?g% 1
*rwmT qf^qsin; q^fi f^q q^gq ^*tt
WI^-W^T W, qq ’Slfaqw '*ftf«7, q\wT, qtg^,
wTrfro, wHt q?K qif%w gw qq Xo[ wtw q$?q feq
fgqqfl- q^T wTwqq I ^yi I v«^ I
C\ ^
IT
172 — 173. A goodly brick or stone palace,
burning with gems, having golden threshholds and
doors, and a hundred pillars of gold and jewels,
— the gates made of coral and hung with a canopy,
having fringes of rows of pearls ; \
174. By worshipping Siva with the above-men-
tioned objects, obtained justly, one propitiates Ma-
hadeva, inasmuch as he loves pleasure. i
175 — 176. The great Nandi,* after formally puri-
fying the S'ibalinga in panchamrita, f for a great
length of time worshipped Mahadeva with pearls,
sapphires, zircons, cat’s-eyes, diamonds and rubies.
M 3 HIM I I
m w ^tirl
W«U I v ^8 I |
I
fW <pfwl ertwf, fcr^T, ftw m3
^tf s f¥T TtlTl I
* A follower of Mab&deva.
tA purifying mixture composed of five substances; viz., dadhi
(curd), milk, clarified butter, houey and sugar.
Translation.
The worship of Siva by Nandi.
^Tbf i
Tl ^g3f ^ I I
“C*
632
fa^*r. q^qq^ 3iW *T ^\m ^R’l'Rr^ I
Tiifm^: ^r^5T v qpqr* qq?f It ?^\9 II
griniTqqqrq ^pqj* tt^tt qqfq f^fg-rT I
^fqrq: qi4»vtq: ^jq qTqq^qwrq^lU''3^lt
qiqqTqqq TgT : q^rqq ^tI*T«rT^ qqH I
^ifq "?fcqiC<^q f* q qtqqqjl fO£- II
qC5WT
m qi^ii ^^roiqiT q^T^T qrer qrgq $ i
■sit qq^r qqT q»qq> q^qq^T qqrr qjq, q\ fqq
v O C\
^ffaiqiT qw q»q% H$ ; qft* qifq*S qjqqi qqfT qiq,
qt q*m q#NT ti^tt ^q i l
qft qgm qqrqm q?qqi qftqnqrqT ^stt qq>
qJW TT^T 'ftq WT q^wq^T *3f%q Ttq
q*T w qre i ?\s^ I
c\ *
qgm qr^iir q^T q?q* q* qi?q
TtqT% ; qftq qft q^T q*q, fqqqi qq
qiq^fq% t 1 f$<$ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
The religious merit obtained hj worshipping
Krishna with gems.
177. By worshipping Krishna with coral, a
man can subdue the three worlds ; and by wor-
shipping him with rubies, he attains the position of
Sarvabhauma. *
178. He who worships Krishna with topazes,
surely obtains ‘the golden round and top of so-
vereignty and if the worshipper is a Ksliatriya , he
can lord it over the whole world.
179. He who worships Krishna with emeralds,
attains wisdom ; and he who worships the god with
diamonds, — what can he not achieve ?
i
wt<rt «jsrl
?rtwl
wfm t ^jrtir ^rfhi
<£wtfa?b©i i w i
*ltaWarl <£Sf1 Wtft
ffa? wfai ^wl ^1 *rtfro
^tter ? i i
* The Lord of the whole world.
0 ' \
*rr*f l
txuzj hwf *ff^r i j
^ftrlT TTT^T * ■g' II II
i
^WT*TT HT%4 I i
ttf ^TfW^*br%?R II *«* II
c \ ©s. )
nt;4 srif^qfiT^qifi^ n li
iNrw vrfwr^4^ II II |
■ — >
>
crcjrai i
Wg^T ^t^T TOTTOTCtS ^fTOT^fr ^5TT
*rre *rft €t T'f g»irT% wr 'qsft \
*JTnr ^ x^ Xfx^ | ^O |
I \
^Tftr^iT ^NIt% %?5 ^*T*5T T<?I^T 'fTWTT ^nr
<x >
5TITT^^’t t5TI ^Tf?^ I I
•TT^i^iT %g T.m SRT*T
t^T ^tW I I
% iN^rf^fa ! ^t^T ^t^TTO %g- ^TT^ *ftf?T
\
^ftR^WTO i^T ^Tfwi I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
635
Translation.
180. By worshipping Krishna with golden
flowers, a man can become as rich as Kuvera , and
in after-life, can attain nirvana .*
Further : —
181. If a person worships Ndrdyana with a
thousand mirrors, studded with jewels, he attains a
beautiful navel.
182. For attaining a good nose, one should
worship Gopindtli with a thousand lotuses decorat-
ed with gems.
183. 0 Daughter of the Mountain, for good
teeth, a man should offer Golakandth one hundred
thousand pearls.
i
%w\ TO, (71 TO
^ i i
'srfiT'S TOtTO i
=Ttf®?T c^Vw TOTJ
| ’Mr') |
TOiTO cKt TOTOw TOftf
^<1^ TOT Orem I JV*. I
WTO(7tVTOc^ CTOTOTO
iilfTO? TO TO Utm i i
* A philosophical word ; hard to render intelligible to European
readers. It signifies something like annihilation.
c — 4
flfrorrmi i
636
i ;
infNTCTC ^TfiW -%n fN^^VEPK II ^8 ||
Twqnr«R^^ t4 vra ^ i
WT^fiT ^fw?i> cf^ II II
n»vn?vr^S TSimftftfiJrn I
°\ j
§Y II *c^ n
^T^qjqiWT^T^ ^ Teffqfaftihf | j
t*f fq%sq^ltq II fc:\3 a
t*r ttfa II r
I
?
?
cT^sWT I
% IrqRfefa ! *ns?i ^tpi
^T^iT ^Tf%t I ?^8 I
i qT^^ ! V^qf *^4qf %g- ^qiT
W^TRT qriw qiUT VfVT I *^yt I
qiw% 4^4^ ta TSii w^tt^tt qriw qiwatpsT
°\
t^T ^lf%% I ^ I
trcfc 4^4% TjqqiT q^T ^twr
^*TT ^TfVq | ^\Q I
% ^qfsr ! qiqqq! %$ JM^i «T«TI^T 'fTWl^
'/
T3Z Vint »TTqi ^ftl^qY ^T ^Tf%q I ;_?««’! }
184. O Girijd, for fine cheeks, one should offer
Krishna one hundred thousand small halls made
of gems.
185. Mistress of my heart ! for attaining a good
nether lip, the devotee should offer Narayana one
hundred thousand dice made of gems.
186. For a pair of good ears, a man should offer
Krishna one hundred thousand ear-rings made of
jewels.
187. For attaining a good voice, a man should
offer Vishiveswara one hundred thousand jars of
honey, studded with gems.
188. 0 Empress among the gods ! for attaining
good speech, a person should offer Krishna a thou-
sand jars of nectar, made of gems.
<T* ) cral I ib-8
wm-
epTfa wl i i
Tft Wl I W I
a ewe#! ! c*iWr w <r*-
ftFfo w<\^ wi Tfa i*wh
C\ "*
ts f^-artT^^TT^r sfe^^lriifri 11 *«<« 11
7 I*rwt^h^r 1 W II \(-° II
^eRR^cr I
t*r ff^qiqT^Tsi n ? u
q^TTTTTTWi ^I^^cnrriq' I
t*r qrtqi^arra ^TRqfw ffw 11 MR II
v>
w*nv ^ ii it
cir3WT i
?feqiT %tj ‘k^j srrit ^riw %Tiq»
^ffaiqsT %g ^qiT 3 «trt ^rth
’ST^R *TRT Trrqiar^T^t ^IfWY ^?TT ^TR<T \M°
^fc^rzri %g Tcl^T «nrRT ttor qwsrqi
I ^T ^Tf%^ I Mt I
% 5TRT3fir ! WRt% %ff <jTTW q^RR
%f[J ^Tf^q I MR I
%q *ttw
\ UTOTOft* ^«TT | Mk I
189. For a pair of beautiful eyes, a man should
offer the youthful Krishna one hundred thousand
lamps, made of jewels.
190. For a goodly neck, Gopala should be wor-
shipped with a thousand flowers, made of gems,
< and shaped like the Dhustura.
191. For two goodly arms, Krishna should be
offered a thousand lotus-stalks, made of jewels.
< 192. O Ndrdyani, to attain a fine chest, the
god should be propitiated with a hundred thousand
rubies.
193. For handsome fingers, a hundred thou-
sand gemmed rings should be offered to the god.
c?'S<b i ^ i
RWF ^ rR fes i I
iilfWF
*foRt*r £RR i ^ i
I
Cs V
i \«.g II
^T^^K'fTTTWt *Vgif?pr*fW |
*r^5R>sre qpnft^hftra 1 a ?<®y R
^W^tT^T^IT ^<TT^ qsftT^ I
^f ^%<i^ II n
^w^riT^f%w i
q^r squire ii ?<«^ n
^warqsrai^ ^raqwrc ^ i
f^f^fT wfi *fr^}%fPT g ?i_tp h
*1
wr^rjRT i
srnrii %g *ttw ^tt*
m *sV ^T ^Tfs^I | ?<cg |
qRi q\^n% %g ^tt?t t5( totot *ttw
fR qqircftqq *Hrar«T ^rc qiftir i s*JJ. I
wjh 'anPtwt %g <3 tT»t tst
q*nqT *tth ^t^tr ^t ^rrfq^ I i
faWWi Tg ^tPT TO? 5fiR^ WHIT
TT*re T^Ht ^3E ^sffqifrl ^TTTRW^V ^RT ^Tf%q I ?
WTOT %g WW 35TRT ^rwqq R<3f
qi^T famr *rrqr wrm ^*rr ^Tfsir i ?£« i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
641
Translation.
194. For good nails, Krishna should be offered
a hundred thousand beautifully white gems.
195. For attaining a beautiful bust, a woman >
should offer Krishna a million chains, made of
jewels of rare excellency. j
196. For the general beauty of the person, a
I halls studded with gems. j
197. For a pair of good buttocks, a woman >
should worship the Holder of the chakra with a
thousand wheels made of gems.
j 198. For a good head, one should propitiate N4-
rayana with a million golden umbrellas, adorned j
j with gems. j
\ ^<[pT |
CSX ^ |
<i< ^ i ^8 1
cs % sn?rl- I
^ Stt ^<Tl | 5Ja<M
cwcs 3 csx
> °k <
I eflrft Wl l )
csx srfaWFF j
TOftfafo ss^szt^ jqsw w\s wl
I i
TOiro csWsj csx ^t<rri 5 f^ wsTtfe*
w Tft toi i ^ i \
person should offer the Lord of Lakshmf beautiful
642
jqfinnrar i
Ok v
t*r 1 1
<\
5gel?T cfrl^?3T || ?££_ II
C\
i^Gfe^wrsr i
II 5?«o II
jpnwrewnr *fonJTW?^ I
^ if^irR *m7T ^ firaT3*nnri$- 11 x°? *
^nfiroreTwro f 4 ^-ctiTr^ I
TOpi: ^tfzwnf II V* II
itsstto g^?r. I
^^^Wfsh*rr»n3j5ft ^%?tw ii ^ n
cPCSWT I
K.
% ^*ra ! %g- ^ri^
^ht wi^r 1 ^<*<® i
f{^ %g '3 tT?T ^rf^I^iT
^tt^t *Tf<?r ^?tt ^iPfir i ^.° » i
tjf?r€t iftfoft %g wiri ^ttt*t
mw ^snapst’ ^?tt ^Tfs^r i ^°? i
SfiVfe ’stalTCT^R ^TTW
*fTf"T3i ^*TT ^iff^ I I
«T*JT ’q^T ^TT^ ^T «T1W
^tt^- ^arar#* ^rif%ir 1 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
643
Translation.
199. 0 Suvrata , for a fair nature, one should offer
N&r&yana a hundred thousand gems of great value.
200. Tor a fair mind, a person should worship
Krishna with a hundred thousand gems, white like
pure crystal.
201. Tor securing the good graces of her hus-
band, a woman should worship Krishna with a
thousand gems, red like the coral.
202. Tor securing her husband for the space of
ten millions of births, a woman should offer N araya-
na a hundred thousand rubies of matchless beauty.
203. Tor securing riches for no end of births, a
man should worship Krishna with a hundred
thousand gems.
i
<iw Cffenl I I
Tft* ^ Tfft wl
<F<Nl I I
^
I
srtf*fa I 3,°^, I
wku wn wrMtf ^IfWF
Ws Tft Wl I V'® I
5RT^3TT | |
TOTT^ Vfm^iT *n*TT f%f^^4sf«
^T^c^irl ^SfiT 3i?;nrT
I I
^W«f>T *I3T 'TW^ ^TT3iT ^ ^^1*1 *rfrl3ir
s^TT^T | *©$ |
' *
^r#fi sfhn wrw«f>T, mwi^r
*n[T^P6T TT^TWcfiT W*TI®T«TT ^T=#t I ^®$l
JT^ifn
®/€*
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
The Bestowal of the Kalpa Tree.
Suta said ; —
204. O Suvrata, I am going to tell you of an-
other kind of offering. The Kalpa tree should he
prepared with a hundred nishasf with branches.
205. Pearls should hang down from its houghs;
and beautiful emeralds should form its shoots.
206. Corals should form the new leaves ; and
rubies, the fruits.
207. Sapphires should form the root ; diamonds,
the nethermost part of the trunk ; cat’s-eyes,
the part immediately below the top ; and finally
topazes, the foremost part.
<S 51^1-
fc*F?r m-
f^5 IW'® 1*1*411*1
Tf%7® I \°<£ I
n *fr <mt^r ^tii ^ wr^
’iWt’l ^tsTl flfft® I I
15 w^r*t ftw win,
win x s wf win Mt*i wfe®
i i
^i?i
WtfW5WtW I
* A niska is a gold mohar.
646
TT^T3=r i ?
CK s £
t q’q ^sTrT I
C \ \
^T qf^ ^fzqiq ^T II II
f%fT%*n^RT*J VWQ qft^f^rT I
71^% ^TqqfsT# II ^ c «« «
| |
*f<37 ^rq I
q^ra: ^qq^ifq I I
^qgftfrr qsn<f ifNrtaqrer^ ii ^?° n
qq?rf^q*niTqrei rj^rig'qq^Tqqrr I
qMwpilW q^T ?}^t qg niw^fT ii ^ ? II
q**WT l
Tflw^ qfniqiT ^«RT qTTTT qffc 7TT ql^T^,
qs^Tni, ^rar^r ^fz^ ^fnr^TT qf^ q^T^T |
'qrrt I |
qqrw fq<rw qfk q^% *ra*r quz
qjqr% qf%<r faqfqnp wq q;w I ^°£. I
^q i^T^qiT q?qr qr??r q l
J^jiqqrc strew® q|^r j
T^i ^'fT^TST qp^ % I Wf W^tST T.W
vqq>T qreq t, qt srewqi ajftftniT ^ttw
i < l
i I '
P gqTqqqqi qstR ^Tt^qi^T-
fqqtqtT q^T qr<% fa w qqq>T fqqrfw q« w qnft I ^ * * I
\3 <
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Translation,
647
208. The leaves should be of zircons ; and the
alter should be of surya-kdntas, chandra-kdntas,
or crystals.
209. The height of the tree should be one vi-
tasti ; and the linga should be established beneath
it, along with the other deities.
The Bestowal of the Gemmed Coiv.
The Incarnation of the Fish said ; —
210. I am going to relate matters pertaining
to the great bestowal of the gemmed cow ; — by
which a man attains Golaka.
211. Like the ceremonies of tula and purusa,
on an auspicious day, the presence of the deities
should be solicited, before the gemmed cow is con-
structed.
Tl Estate ft ffrs
Wft I
wtrst* ^f*nrf%*rc i
csffc fonM
wfal
i o° i
*3;«trte ^?rl jjf[\ c^rr^^^Tt^r-
ft*ft«i Riii
^tbr i
648
C\ ^
$srf<r xrir^J i^i
^imW TT^T^TVnWT^^T^ftfTf f^: I
g-ttn;i*nRT ir^ftwwf «rf^^«r II ^ H
^U\ fire x?t% wt: ^i^T'aft
%frn ?n*T*r xtxr ^ xj^rcnr i *** I
cfim^r^ ^tw=RT f?ra% xr^ ift ^frr,
■qji xrcjj ^ *HTT ft* xftfWxfiT
^f% f^fxr cRT^t 1^*81
^XRT Xlfffa xftWXRT* *Tm xrcfr ^X^T,
^xfiT *TtT^ TTtW? ^rfw^T XRTWT I ^ I
xststtz i^TfRXfi ^WTXR^nrfr ?ift: i
falser ^ *wk§ ^ II ^*8 n
^ yipTfw firct qranimsra i
<rar ^ -^rxrj^ xft^xfixjxrfertf || n
cfp5WT
Y^fax: ^TIT^T Wf^WTXf^ ^txirtff^jTTW ^wfrT
«rfair ^x: srto f^R^xR tfarer ^
Tst^ fxi^TW Xfi^T I R ? * I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
649
Translation.
212. The hide of a Krishnasdra* should he
touched with salt weighing a drona, + and spread on
the ground ; and on it the jewelled cow should he
made with due ceremonies.
213. The sages should place eighty-one
rubies in its mouth ; and a hundred topazes on its
nose.
214. On its forehead, a golden stripe should
he painted; a hundred pearls should be placed
near its eyes ; a hundred corals near its brows ;
and two oysters on its ears.
215. The two horns of the cow should he made
of gold ; the head, with a hundred diamonds ; and
the pupils of the eyes, with zircons.
G5t*l ^rfapl CWtftrf^S fWfa
TOf
Ww Tta I W I
3>§5l,
I =08 I
c*pp *rfai, fttstupf
W *t*1 >5t*1 C’tttW Tfal Mt e i ^f*-
I W I
i
^ *1ns i i
t 32 seers.
G50
qWI
c\ s
qwqqqm ^ I
qRfylq^T qiTq* qfaferqiqm ^ II li
qw %w^t: ^Twf: q wwT^vrv I
vj \i
qp?rq^q: ii ?>\s n
C\ J C\ N x *
f l;*nf% ^ *W |
7TI^fT^<f qq^rtfq qf^W^II ||
ffwisqifsr q ^nqqq W qferq; i
qiTK^tqq-q^ ’qgqtffo qw^ d ii
SOTOT I J
qq* ^ qNuqn qte, qqi ^ qr^fqqqiT ^t^ft qT^,
^fcqt ^fwqiT ^x qq» qft q\qferqi ^fwq»T
q^iq^T ’qi'fV 1 ^?f l j
q^wqiT 'qKT qtfqqiT ^nqrTqiT q w qrlr 'q*^-
SfiT^l qgjqiT^l qf%, 'q^q- qi^C ^7% ^TO7 I
q^ir qif%qT qT^T^qi q'T'wV I ^\9 i j
xtftoT xfar, qiftqiT q7fa> qfft q^qq qq
fqqnq qrtqn i I |
qqq qqiq qftx qrt qfw ^, q>qq qfa*q tqT
qftx aftqii qiw^T, fqqqt qqiqqT fit fqqq fqiqir
qf% ^ffa qtwT qi'fi *rm tqqu fro t, fqqqt
^q qiq qfwqq- W W* tqT 'qTTt | i
Translation.
216. The hack should he made of a hundred
sapphires j the two sides, by a hundred cat’s-eyes ; \
the abdomenal regions, with crystal ; and the breast,
with a hundred saaganclhikas. 5
217. The hoofs should be made of gold ; the
tail, of pearls ; and the nose, of chandra-lcantas and !
surya-kdntas ; — and fragrant substances, such as san-
dal paste and camphor, should be employed in mak-
ing it. |
218. The hairs should be made of kunkuma ; the j
navel should be of silver ; and the bones, of eme-
ralds. !
219. Besides these, other gems should be placed I
in the joints; and a fourth of those gems that have
been enumerated for the cow, should go to the
construction of the various members of the calf.
j
I ^
^tsrl
cHtaftr? wt?ri f^t s i ^fsrcTR
#1 «rt?r
w it<d ^rtfwl Mt«i i i
^ ^t<rl dWt dWx
»rajita i ^ i
CT (71 ^ c<i w Wt¥l
^r, (Tft ^5f
insnr wirri i i
652
wfiTOFslT I
^T^TJT I
<K ^
l
*mt qqrqi
qRR: Tafrrorg'fpT |
^TjpRWf^r w qw ^n^ppn ii n
q^w q^v?nHqnm?TC qwr: I
fqiqRn: W riTt w. ^r«fr?r: h 11
qsfW I
TW^Tvrut: ^T^rf fqq%* 5 wrR: II 11
«N?*f*?** q^m qftnft fqwtrq«r: |
q^njqrqq g fq^rimji ^ ii
crrswi i
TgR q*#rf% ^t*t q % i
SfKRJH q}$ I
qT TMT** 5T3.T ^tR qR q?W % I ’fT^HT
^>%qiT q^T^T q^ri l i
q-pq *ftftraT q«n^T q*q <r q«w, fh«r
qffipRT q^ri^T qsq <f qrqq qfft qiT^TT ^ *ftfaqiT
q^RT fq^IW qi^T 'qT 5 ^ I I
*rtfqq>T qqraT q^fT% q4- f^rrt , ^n qffc
q^? ^f^ni fqqrT^r qtqn, qfaq qq q^T^r,
vj
qf^q qi^fqqT qffc qqr qfk ^th: fq'snq
qifwq>% wq qwi^s qf% ’qi'rt i ^ I ^ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
653
The Bestowal of the Gemmed Mountain.
220. The Fisli Incarnation of the Deity said ; —
I am now going to tell of the bestowal of the Gem-
med Mountain. The best Mountain should be made
221. The next best, by five hundred; the next,
by three hundred ; and the last, by two hundred and
fifty pearls.
222 — 223. The eastern part should be made of
gems resembling diamonds and zircons ; the
southern, by those resembling sapphires ; the middle,
by ten thousand gems like topazes ; the west, by
gems resembling cat’s-eyes and coral ; and the
north, by ruby-like jewels.
Tft I |
vvsfwm ^nrt%*R i 1
I
I I |
m ^g*l nm, W\ ^t<r1
^g*i wtsrl
I W I 5
ttw \8 ;
*tf*R r.^% '« ^e<i WM
<Ffk^ i ^i^«i
of a thousand pearls.
654
•RfasriTi^TT l
I
Ov s
«R (^7 I
rj*. ^TTfl |
IT^HI
eTTi$ ^ tl ^8 II
*ironisfapaf: :
*WN I
jr^T^r-
*?<nfcr<r. ^fmfir^Tf?T: ii ^y. li
CTC 5 WI I
V
^TT^SpfiT W^ *T$T% |
stkijot ^ i
ef^<T ^l«WT tr^T X(e £ fi f^^rfw ffW^t ePh?W
^ftiT ^RT f?RT iw ^T<R SfKWT ^nff, *sf
f?*n% ^rtffi 'f^TT, ^f^nr f^anR trw*
f^an*r *ti^t f^arxw
^tTW ^IJRRT ^ITT rRRW *T*lT3iT W?n
*ftfw ^ f*fa ^ ^fri i i i
A TREATISE ON GEMS
655
Translation.
The Bestowal of the Vrihi Mountain,
224 — 225. The Fisli Incarnation said ; —
In a pyramidal pile of paddy should be placed
three trees of gold. The east of it should contain
pearls and diamonds; the south, zircons and topazes;
the west, emeralds and sapphires ; and the north,
beautiful cat’s-eyes ; — and coral trees and oysters
should bo placed all round.
I
I
«rfar*t?rl<*ren>t cwfctfM ^f%<n
<5tc*t ^1 'Q ftw ; c^ttw x s *
'e ^%r; ^ei
^ fwm I ^8 | I
656
SP5HJ I
^f^RWffsiW^pft *5for^7rn£**\ II ^ H
5T^5vtfT^r5Tli%^ I
II ^\9 II
£ \3 v»
^fa<3T g^f^mt^nffl^rTTiw ii ii
<tC5wt i
^ gf’ffr ^ i
% ’^ffa
♦ C\
STC% ^TT^rT, *frf<T3>T ^HTnl ^CTroft f%fa^T 5RWg^f,
«*np*T f%fxr% q?f^T ^ *rtfh% srtct ^w-
fafiTC, ^T^fT *f¥Hf, *RRT
W^TT^TT TOTO^fawh: ^t"TI^I *5rRT ^PBT
^TRT^fffw ^K ^rfNiT
sptrt ^ttt srw^; fsj^rfnr
V J V>
^nsr^ $wt iw i i w© I ^ i
Translation.
The Bestowal of the Guradhenu.
226 — 228. O best of Dwijas, the ears of the Cow
> and her Calf should be of oysters; the feet, of sugar-
canes ; the eyes, of oysters ; the eye-brows, of coral ;
the dugs, of butter ; the tails of silk ; the pupils of
>
the eyes, of sapphires ; the horns of the Cow should
\ be of gold ; and the hoofs, of silver. The beasts
should be made of solidified treacle and covered
with a white thin cloth. The milking pail of the
cow should be of bell-metal.
I
f
few i w to
CTOfef^s
^ WlUl <3^1 I ^ I I ^ i
<©/§*• —
^ 658
i
(
<
| I
< Os s
j ^TT^r I
*fW gWTT ^ qrfoqtr qf^fj \
I 4 ^
qtfqTfqqT qi^T t^RPrft qqtfqm II **<* ||
q^qfqq*:^ |
*rq;«T qu* (srfrriT: qq: htj: i
\) VJ J
fsnhriqTqTf ^hrqq?^ i^ # i
| tw qqiqq i
Pl?f qiqqqr ^Tq^q 8 ^{ II
«TC5WI I
| twgsrfNnt-n^T qjqq qqq %’ i
qh«TT>qVfq> *TTfiiq>,qi'^i%^T Tt^T qf^ qtq
T^qir qqiqT wf *rm, qt qqrqqft qqiqqT 1 1 w i
qfr^qqiT qqiq I
qq qq^T ^tqq wk ^ifH <q^T^qq Vfaqq q-q
^qq whcqq^qrt qqq q^q qq, qq^q qqqq
^qq% qqjq qqrgw qnf qqiqqnrqr qiff ^iqq qqT-
q?^% fqqt qfqmqi qqqqr qi^wqm qfo: q^ qqffsrq
qq ^qqq sR^r*rciq ottot ^qq^
*m i i i
~
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 659
Translation.
The Vaijayantl Rosary.
229. The sapphire, pearl, ruby, cat's- eye and
diamond go to make up the Vaijayantl rosary.
History of the Kaustuva.
230 — 231. Hastily the gods again fell to churn-
ing the ocean of sweet-milk, with impetuosity.
Now rose from the bosom of the deep the ‘ sun-
clad’ effulgence and splendour of that light of the
world — Kaustuva , the best of gems.
j I
fs*i, « ftw ^
TOl hrsnift TO f^jtvs i i
to ifim srtftTO, <7rt
etftWW w
| to c&tb tor?
l 54)0 I 54)i I I
nfjTOi^rf i
f%5flT^fnT SfiV^T ^ ^IT t |
>2» froit fi^T n n
f^SrlTSTW’ITWIT^ I
m * J
ii n
is
ctINst *rwfa^: nw n ^g n
?Tf JtW i
$«nn ^fN 5TTCT*TW3fiV^nii qrc%*V tsi^t
^ ^rJI ^ 5TTTT-
WiT t;w l I
OmmrfWt **rmra i
^*N tt^t w^t fiprift tott *rtw *re,
wi^r 1%%^ «rnt*% Trfon?fr ^ft *reir ^tt^»
*j> *1*0% I
*rfo-^*-^T*> ^ Wtfl *i*% *f*l?T ^**0*0%
©v
firw toNntt trfirajprePR f*r*-
*?r **rew ^** Ti^(r wi'^8 i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
661
Translation.
232. The gods, placing Narayana before, began
233. Once on a time, the king, Chandrasena,
worshipped Mahddeva reverentially, and thereby
highly pleased the principal courtier of that god.
23,4 The good and respected Manivadra, who
bears on his forehead a mark of Siva, was highly
pleased with the king.
CW«I srfaWCT ^fwl (Trt (skm
^ TR I I
w (TrtOT \
to gaze at the gem ; — then with one voice they gave
it him.
The Anecdote of Chintdmani.
I
1wt*fft <i i
^ ^ » x 4
^rc, vst^t vs etfo
r i , • i l -■*>'
<2|7R ^*1 I ^'O'® I
F5W RRTR1
V WK I
Oy ^
* sfawisftdfaftrw I
¥S: ^T ^r?Tt ?1 *»WT *r^f?r W*f II s^^yi II
<r^l qnf^nw t xinnra^ro I
6 <1 O
TRinUTf^R^WT Srgt *WfilT *SHFT II ^ II
all ^ Kill *rf%*T^t avTTOT: I
af^srxnxfw qi^ fw^i^rrea Tin: |
fSrcir kt^ktwrt wi i «
fRSfflT i
*m*fejug*r kt^tt^t
fanlPTfa 5TTO TFR ^T^TT ftfm t?T vir, 5^TI *ft^px-
afw^re* Ǥwfr *i*ia ^tfxraw ^ f^nriafa
<\ -
^wa% *tt ^fa fa%*i ^ra^TT wkw fa%$ *rc aigqi
Kra>*r w«r ^Ka % I m*
at afa% f^KW q>TKIT> <TTaT, I,
TfUi ^K qiWTW ^if^ Xl'ft TO* TiXWl *5f
*nm 1 1 m I
TT^I^T at afw ^T«T f^TT I
a*t KI^I a¥ afpft ^IK^ aiK^I fafT^RqT
q*q>a^ aa araxi ftaa $aax aax% aaia ■art^n
axat wt l wa I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
663
Translation,
235. And lie presented liim a divine gem, called I
Chintdmani — that rival of Kaustuva. It does one j
good to see, to praise or to think of this sun-like
gem.
236. Like the Philosopher's Stone, the touch of
it instantly converts bell-metal, copper, iron, lead,
stone, &c., into gold. £
237. Manivadra presented it to the king, who
Wore the gem over his throat ; and on his throne
shone like a second sun over other princes. |
*l^*f '2f«f y T 55 t^ (Tit
^1 Wo f^fwo
I I
<nt >star,
WSft® '5S ) ’ a H'K
I ^ I
^^5 Ktftw <nt srffi fft^T <R3R I'
3t$fl (Tit «Tfa*l ^%1 SfaFfaCT
ttai wt*m irter’ra wnr Mfa
«£Wt *rfert%*ra i w i
i
$fT
664
W
<f i
W TTrT Sif^ST^T ^T^TTrT fa* I
^f'JT Vrf^kwt ^ITt II II
^VigTt fa*v- *favT-*!F*T*rorT I
tJT^T^T^fsrl^^r ^TITIVT || ^go n
nft ^I^f ^ TI^T^rt ^f^r^Wl^sri: I
II ^8? ||
Cf^SlJTT - •;
'sftx ^ Tr^?ji«r?ff ^ir^r w
TrW faVH I[*w5l fa* Ttn
fa I I
fa TT*wj| sfhrt *fi>T TT^T iftfa 3rC%
^ fa ^ %IT TF5TT >?te YfaTOi *rfw*fiT
TO ^T 'INK sfa *T*T l*^<«|
), fa* ( *naw^ff
^IT^T), ■JTIf ( fl^rff ^*1*0, fa^T'
( ^f^-RTT ^ST^rff fax ^T?f ),
( fa* STcT^r^i ^Wrff Wf)> *TTWT^
( f^sft% ^Tr^f%^5fitw f%*TT<RHT q^-fl TOST-
TOTrrf fax ^t«t ), ^rfor, ^Hfc ( fa^j-
*<z *rVs: ^tr ), *r?n*
( f^'fTT ), **^ ( ), ( JRTRiT ^~
^tT f ^tT ^TT»T ), T^Tf^ ** t;W TT^TT fax
*m ^srar ^*ret *x ^t^tt w^srt it*rr ^r^
TITOt *KT*(* *RTW *R% ^gw %*TT*fiT
w?^?f ^rvi I ^ 8 o | | •■•*-’
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
665
Translation.
238. When the other kings came to know this,
they became sore sick for envy.
239. Of these, some had pity on account of
their tender-hearted nature ; while others grew
malicious ere they had learnt the mighty virtues of
the gem coveted by gods.
240 — 241. The kings of Saurdsthra (Surat), KeJcaya
(in the Punjab), Salva (in the Rajasthan), Kalinga
(between Orissa and Dravira), Marclraka (between
the Indus and the Satadru), jPdnchdla (N. W. of
Delhi, in the country of the Himalaya and Cham-
bala), Avanti, Sauvira ( between the Indus and
the Satadru ), Magadha ( Behar ), Matsya (Jey-
pore), Srinjaya (in Mathura), and other places,
intending to defeat Chandra Sena in fight, began
to amass a quadripartite force.
wfai srtwHrl
^<ri
Rrro ^<rl t&js
Rl «2|TM I ^ I
), C<FRI
WTot), ^j%5f v 9
), ), *twr
<£ tW"0> efrffa (f^ 'Q w-
), TO ( fkste ), ( m 9 # ) t ( ^1-
<TfW*f
l
wwwi
C\ "
WRRnrt I
w*Wwr*st: ii w ii
ww*RRT Ti^rfwwffi: I
ft wwt*rtw www trw ii ^ o
fwTTwt': w tt^t swfa^w: i
wrjwRR Tikfcr f^rrorwsift: 11 ^88 II
ww%%w wwir www wwrtTrw i
WWt wVfa*RT *Rlfww WWRnwifwT^W^ II *8 Yin
*r*tot i
W*iT WTW WW TTWT ^fl wNfaiT W3T
J WwtsfiT *ftWTWW wwfaw WTWWW 5RT% ^W%WTW
®(
WWWt WTWlfRW WKW WW I ^ H
tiwt w^SNw* tt^t ^r 3 i ww^t w*wt ^r-
wtcto ww i ^8^ I
wt ttwt w^ww tfwww*!, wwwk, ss;nf?n
wk W3RWW Ttokfi k^T TTW W^T^W*fiT W<TTWWT
wrcw ww I ^ 8 8 I
WT WWWS WTt W7RW ^tT ^sr wriwkaiT
TRW WWW WRW
WR«ft WWt I ^8YL I
Translation.
242. Thereafter they came, breathing united
strength, with an innumerable force to Ujjaini ;
and sat down at its four gates.
243. At this imminent peril, and cooped up by
the proud princes in his palace, Chandra Sena
prayed to Mali die ala for deliverance.
.244. Firmly, courageously, resolutely and with
perfect concentration of mind, the king worshipped
Mahddeva daily and nightly.
245. At this time, a milk -maid who had been
travelling, came voluntarily to the temple of
Mahakdla.
<rtwl muw to
<7r| <rtw1 muw fts*R*l?r, f^i, «
I ^88 1 I
«Tt%l ^ I *8 <t I
G — 4
qX qX**T q^Srft qqqTXqiT I
TTtH qffiT TOTTOt q^*T fqfqqrxqq: I
JTfwq «X ftp? tq I! *8^ II
qqq qsfqirqq q i
fcreiN fq^9r ftr^t fqgf^t « W \\
WXqfa ^ qT^TW q w rrf^fqTTRT I
qq qftrfanj: fqqfq^qqrqrq^ 11 *8« il
qifq qifq q ywt1% w qxqTqxfq qi^: i
qriq\q ^jtw qfw qqqiqiq qfmq: II ^8<$ n
<R5TOT I
qt fqqqT ^rrfftqft qq; q|q ^ii
qrqqjq^ q 5 ? qtiqq ^riqqtq^f q^T^q^’x q«rx <£qx-
qqq qrqxquTO §qq qjqq^ sriqt
qqt 1 l
qV qri'^fcqft ^ftq«T qtq qqq?x qxqqj q 5 ? qq q-^-
fq^q^ tqrqrci ’qrgq* fmq> gf^qii tqqit
faxqqqfTqiT qxTqfqq q<Tq qq I ?80 I
qt qxi'ftqqT qT^rq; ^pt q qqifqqr q<qr^*!? *xq-
q?q% q't 5 !' qqfaq qqt qxqrq fqq«fit q^rqx
qiTqTqTqr I *8^ i
’qq^T qqqir «xt qtT qw mqx> fqq^
qqqiqq? q%q fqqfq^qiT ^xxqq qi^ qqrx qx^q -
qq I *8£ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
669
Translation.
246. The widow came with a child of five ; and
after witnessing the devotions of the king, and
bowing down her head, vanished.
247. The child, having seen all this, out of cu-
riosity, prepared for worshipping Siva — which
works out man’s salvation.
248. The cowherd boy brought a piece of stone
after good selection ; and in the camp hard by
established it as the image of Siva.
249. Then from trees the flowers of which he
could reach, he culled flowers with his own hands ;
and with them began to worship the image.
I
farci <4^
^fwi ^rtfrol arcfarcra ^
airfare W
I 3,8^ I
o>ft ^
nfaW'© c*\t
f*tfoplWJ wn I ^8b- I
^ CT CWft «Tbft«T
WEIjrtS
Wa <$5f| ^Ttf%«T I ^8 c5 |
670
xn* Hfslrur: firq^triTssrcTw. n
WT^ftsf^I ^^.tT^T ^TTrTT II II
?f f^r^rtwcr far^TS f*nw i
, Wr qifnr ?p^T 0 H
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
671
Translation.
j 250. When the mother of the lad saw that the
| time of his noon-tide meal had gone by, she again
came to the spot.
251. Seeing him with closed eyes, absorbed in
the contemplation of Siva, she grew wroth and
pulled him forcibly by the arm.
i 252. When this, as well as upbraidings had
failed, the woman flung away the image at a dis-
tance, in order to disturb the boy’s devotions.
253. Seeing the worship of the trident-bearing
god of gods thus disturbed by his own mother, with
piteous cries he fell down on the ground.
i
^rf?rerl Off*T?Ti
^ sfft 4 ! ^fWl *lt ^*1 \
sfl, w (TFtPt ya
c*r%l ot*R
|^l?f I *.<b° I )
l
>rcra ?>©
i ^f^r, ^©*r
672
JT^OT
C\ ^
* rr: I
*rer*rift ^*teRrT it ^8i
<i<it qfwwfqTMqi^*
fTt^r ^Trr 1%f«rT *rr^q n ^UL n
9<T?ri*r. q?qrtfqf^r :
ift^Tf%ff *farcr^?*r^: i
rff^qqr q^qteq-si
\3
TWTf^rf * ^ ?j*r. II ^ n
crpTJqr
qV ^^t«t 5RT^ri
qft ^T*T ^IH Tt^ST%
«r^r f*n:T*R to I ^8 I
*<WT, ^T^T qf"iqT
WWTT STtfarT, qtTO ^^TT TO7 TO
qffc to^t^sr *fur ^vft I ^ II
^T^rsfi ft’? ^TT^Ti f%q *fTrf ^f%^T cRT^T
q>qrq qnqi qftfari ^rfa ^q^rtq faq-
q^V tto qqm fajqqft qf^r |wt i ^ytf l
VJ ^
A TKEATISE ON GEMS.
673
Translation.
254. After remaining insensible for a while, he
regained his senses ; and, opening his eyes, began
to weep unceasingly.
255. When he opened his eyes, he saw the tent
decorated with gemmed pillars and furnished with
golden doors and gates ; and with an altar decked
with sapphires and other gems.
256. The boy found in the camp a brilliant
palace of gold, with domes of curious and exquisite
workmanship. The palace embosomed an image
of Siva.
af¥\, Cht f*t% #1-
WM f^ c JH v s <Rf^ m°s
C 3 ^ f*tfoTOWJ
'3?SRt?l
674
JTWTI
71^ qT^ft fa^TTT* fir^T^3JTW I
0\
^rwm^lfl v ^rarf^ ij^qqftq* |
*r*Tqfqrwr#w %qTTf3Pjgqar*r ll 0
rrats^^^^TrY ^T^fzt^r^rf I
ll ll
TWT^^T^hTTlFV f^TsrefmfacTT I
f^oqqr^*m«r?if qrem.^q’qfaq n ^vt<* b
q ti^t qr^TTOT qnmrf*reqt fqfar I
Tfrf^Ri^ft: jwi?t faqritqw n ii
f%qqjHq faq^nq f%# Tifw^w^T i
Tftq^^T^ ^3T TTTf^sW^TT^r^-^f II |
qfrc qftiqiT Tlfar
q<^ arfrr qiqw ll ^ < 4 .\a i
w¥ qq ^rq^ *rTfiTq> ^tt* qsiqfT qq-RT
■aftf^rT, q^ TfhrqiT XftmSi qqi^ft q^f^ ^kx Wr
wq tor q^t, qqfT^ aftfaq, ^tR
q^r q>?:i aftftrq, qngq q»T% ?nr qram qq-
qi^n^ q^R WT I *11* I *Yt<« I
tt«tt , q^%qfarqqqnqiT q*ufH q>T% TTfqq qrqrft
^nq% qRqR q^jq, *mi;qqiT qq-^qii fq^, qtwqiT
farqqfeq, qqfwstJT faqfqnr qftq Trifaq; ^tx qt«r
qrc^ ^WST Tftqq’aqiT ^TR 7R I 1 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
675
Translation.
257. At sunset the boy went home, and found
his house turned into one of gold, and flaming with
gems beauteous and rare. It looked like India's
palace.
258 — 259. Then he saw his mother, bearing on
her head a crown adorned with gems, sitting on
a milk-white bed, upon a couch richly embossed with
gems, decked out in jewels, wearing a divine
raiment, and beaming with a divine radiance, like
a very goddess.
260 — 261. After finishing his devotions, king
Chandra Sena suddenly went at night to the shin-
ing palace of the milk-maid, and witnessed the
might of the cowherd lad, raised up by Maliadeva's
grace, — and the golden palace of Siva with his
image.
j CTN I l
erfte, far ^
itwi esph ‘ 3 r s it ? n
f*ttt m, f*Rf*p* <*r°v
^fwi c^m, Iwfan
J[W«. Cf^RJt* RFt<l OTffa I \<t)r I I
II — 4
Jrewi
<K v
wr gTTgngrc ggt tl ll
^r %ggg>gjrg I
gg^gr gigrr gfcggr grtf ll ^ ll
gfgin?gg gagifg gjtftg g^ggTfgigiTg I
fg5?lfg<gr rJTT TT«TT gf%^g gg^g* || ^8 11
rfr t: gfggragi^i tpst. gTg^fgg: i
g*rf wfax g^Tgfc^gt gfg: H ^*4. o
cRstfll I
f^^nftrft ^jfwr t l
^fTJTJfl *!fhTT5T f % ^T^TT ^s|g *r”Wt
$ ^T^T g^g> f ^ ftn ^Tlg g*lW
ggg ^ 1 ^ I
tj^j ggg ^ig grci gggjg^, gg gffa
ggifagi^ f%TT^T g^irewr^-
ggr gig gzfg^T wi^l
■wg *rf ^n=ggg ■g^ar g^g ^TTfWrg? gjfgg'uw
^ggjT, g^T g¥ gigii fggn:g g?fg% grigggiT
gg i ^8 l
gig g?fggi grpgg^i gg, ?ig gh^gr g?fg g^
^ng^St gra 'ttgrcgi giwm g;gg gg i ^ 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
677
Translation.
The anecdote of Chintdsiddhi.
262. The handsome and intelligent king, Dur-
jaya, begot two beautiful sons ; and, after some
years, went into the neighbouring forest.
263. On coming there, he found the holy, devout
hermit, Gauramukha.
264. He entered the hermitage with the inten-
tion of seeing the holy sages.
265. On seeing the king, Gauramukha gladly
welcomed him.
I
w i |
?rfwl wiFrfft, ^S*tS-
i i
^1%, wa wj\ <4% 1m\ ^t«R-
eft/H i i
?rtwl «rtastR
678
C\
?T I
6 ^
sfiTTfWrfa ^jttt m% ^titt Tfa fro I
%a^ff s *rfa<Tsra; II ^ II
TT«ITf% TT^WRXT ^RTTS: V*lf*PT? I
^r#f%^fr TO^m^T %rTT: II ^ II
**W% rim: ^ ^T^rffT I
Tfa fasrimt TT^T II « II
s^r fmw *iVwt *J I
fT5rRT*n*r fw^J to n <S II
cirsim i
% ! TO mliT^T WTTO m ^srm
^m ^ITOfi ^g^TTT *ftTO 3»TTW> *m ?TTTO?fit
tot 3 > Thrre It, sram^ft^raftr m to *rt^%
TTO to I f I
Traruft ^sm$ gftro «rf to
RTfTOT^T TOW TO, TO TOTO TT^ffiT TO
W ^IfwT TOT TT^ I ^ I
to wt^ui tow ^ ^Tfwssr
^|tTT, TTWT^t TO TOTTO TOW fTOT «ri wfa
■rtw to l I
wfc^sT wfa TO TTWT IWTOT RlfTOTW fTOWSTW
fTO, TO TOW TO^ 3 «TO %*> ^ fTO TOTT^
to tow ^rftfrw wtTO totw#> to tot frou-
to i ^<* i
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
679
Translation.
266. “ 0 ! king, to-day I shall feed you and your
retinue according to my power. Pray, do you
leave your bearers.” The devout man said this,
and was silent.
267. Obliged by the hermit’s courtesy, the king
accepted his invitation with his followers. He' had
with him four akhauhinis of soldiers.
268. “ Shall this poor hermit be able to provide
food to so many men ?, ” the king thought to
himself.
;
269. On the other hand, the hermit began to
think how he could feed such a number. ,
o»tw*r wfe, #^r-
fwsfre oitR m ^ ^1
1?#$# i w i
3We ^?rl *if^5
CT *1#^ Ft#
C*Rl f^«T 1^1
^ ft 'Brfatffofa
? <rtwi ^ emu Iwt^r
csffaFmsr i i
dW?r <rtwi ftwi
680
I
C\
izi rofctfrnir*: I
%<ft ^f% t:^ft Tf^^TTT^w: JW || i?\Qo n
tpt: WcS vmn t*’ ?i^t i
ifrrarar* Ti^T^t II W n
*prif 3 r ttwt |
^Tf?rar* ii W n
rf^f if |
STOWT I
v
wfa n's *rt f^f^rw w, ^
?RT^ t*S«P: «TPTRW # ^TRSB TJTO
^ I ^9® I
^i*r
STT^wt 2 fiT%
^5r 1 ^ 1
% t^T ! TT^r ^ W ^T^T ^TITT ^TFSWV ^PT-
q&T% ^Rf^rfsr vv, faw ^Tfro s*rcir%-
^rfirerre f^ 1 ^9^ 1
% *r»ppm ! ^t*t ^ vw ii ^xx
^ ^<T | ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
681
Translation,
270. When he was thus laboring under anxious
thought, the memory of the god of gods, Nard -
yana , arose in his mind.
271. Then that best of hermits devoutly con-
templated Ndrayana ; and, descending into the
waters of the sacred Ganges, worshipped the god.
272. “ 0 1 best of Gods, to-day king Dur-
jaya having graced my cottage with his royal pre-
sence, I am anxious to entertain him.
273. “ 0 ! sovereign of the Universe, do thou
vouchsafe to provide thy poor devotee with suffi-
cient food.”
( 7 $ orum ^
i i
<itwl ^fj ^rtfkl
=b kk®
-^1% | ^ |
^?rl ^fkrl w\q i vr i
I
^fw I VR I
qfSnjr.qi i
i
Cv "
Tfa W 3 ^q*r: * qrqqfqfq: I
gqqr^l ^tq ^q Sforq: |
^^T3TT qf% ftq in? II 0
q fqWqh^pNVTRt 1
fsHRT ^ Itrll^r^TWT^fr?^ || ^\9g ||
qf^ q q?^*\ ^q- qqTrT^ q?ff^ qSR |
T^q^qq ^qfaqqi qqqqnrq: I
qqpqq ^ffU^Kt ^rt qqifq ^nfi vi ll ^yi n
T^T^qt^j ^ W qqq: *rqqq ? I
fqsrjTfqf^^ ?if} qfrrw q&qqnnT || ^\9f n
HOWT I
^qqqfrr %q?[q qmqw qt ^-fqi qq qqjiT^r
■jf ffT^ - qqjqr 'q'tq^qi fqqqT qrqq q^q ^qriqqi
tNw qq, % q?fq?;Tqr ! gq 'qqq -srr qqr ^rrrt, q>
qiTf i ^\9^ I
% tfq ! wftr qRTqqqT qqrqfqqi fqqiqTfq'g vt-
qiT% qfaiq qtqq snr i ^©8 I
%^q %3Ri qft qjqq qqr% qrqq rft 'qqqi
q^ ^ ^iq %q, €t tt^t ^wre *qqq qq qqm
qqqjqqi Wl^rqq il¥ qqRq ^TTW q^q
^qq f^qq qiqq ^nqq’T ^nq q^V i 1
qq^q qTTTqw q¥ qqrr^q qjfq^ qqqq’T ^q-
q>qqi qq^ Tti qqiqfw fqnnfq% qrq
qfw qffqlhT qq qq I |
A TREATISE ON GEMS
683
Translation
27 4. Pleased with the sage’s prayer, Keshava
presented himself before him in propria persona,
and said, “ O best of sages, do you ask of me what
boon you like.”
275 . O goddess, the holy man wondered exceed-
ingly; and bowing low, and with clasped hands,
spake thus : — •
276. “ 0 Keshava, if thou art pleased in thy
servant, do thou grant this prayer of mine, that the
king Durjaya with his retinue may to-day be fed at
my cottage, and depart thence to-morrow morning.”
277. Thus accosted by the sage, N&r&yana will-
ingly gave him a very powerful gem, called Chin-
tasiddhi.*
'sttsrfa fro> to 'STOI
I V*8 I
o of f% i suftro c*r%l
CTO *rff ^11% <TO
srtw, <4^: to efrto
ifwl *rf^s ^rt«ror
^frol ffi TO
*f?FT i i
cwm ^fwf^ <4^ <£tro ^s-
>4% <TO ^1
<4^ ^f 4 l I VW I
* Lit., that which fulfills our desires
~ 684
W
ftW TTTSfT ^ t ^f^‘. I
fw^faWTOT? ^T*5rf»PT ^t^fTT |
mrry^fawf nr vi t *r?P|fa^ g g
fiT^^i^t ^nfa fravtaro *4*n i
^?Tfw fast f^jft^WT^T II I
*rm 4ft«if <T^T wil I
'wri?iref*nnr *«r?n fl g
^«T W<5 TT * fan^ *T*T* I
«ar$*rrf* *mfa ^ I g
o
<R5fHT I
TOFTO^ f%TTT^r^^ 5teTC* **I5T 55^t,
^^T5T ^r, *«T«T <355^, ^lf?T
vrw f^r«riT ^5r I ^'a I
£
^farpr fa*si% ^ f%5rnf^f%^ wm
$¥ U3iTT% ^11^ *R* f^T V*]T$
*T7TT* ft* ^TTt
*rt I ^\Q^ I
nftw *ftW, ’sfo %T7 *1T
HqRT^ ^rfa^ai SRTWfl
I ^ |
^fa *p *nfsc ^3*ren:% ^rfa
*iwt iwsii t ^rcrsr ! ** %5n*r
TTisr | |
Translation.
278. Having won it, the Brahmin came back
to his cottage, and imagined a spacious palace,
grand like a peak of the Himalaya, lofty like a
great cloud, and white like the moon-beam.
279. By virtue of Yishnu’s blessing, and the
magic of the gem, he outright caused to “ rise like
exhalation” myriads of palaces like the one he had
conceived.
280. Then he made the four kinds of food,* and
golden dishes and such gear.
281. Having done this, the sage spake to the
puissant king, “ 0 King ! let your soldiers enter
my house.”
i
ypj,
^ *rr fwi
TO* Wa 5T5 -ptf
^#5 I Vte |
c^twr, c*t?r 's ^
*W*rcfa'5fl’ w c^R^rte wfa
I |
4 % etrfca ^tfw Wt«i ^%i c^spfr
! YHYt? frlWI
-4m i ^ i
686
nfjffJTTMT I
fl’sW I
C\ "*
rffiWq TTfaffW fT^T TftTTTTit ^f«r: |
9 J N si v»
1PMTT ?T ^rfw TTeJFTl^rftrTj II
qt% fiwT i
f%qrif%5?tWT W *rq II
*T few wfij t^WnT^T I
^TTqWTWTW TTW^J JT^fTI n II
af%w ^nfq?T7n% a *r*nt ^rekwqif I
c \
M^ffariwrf^^Ti wt^pt: II ^^8 n
^SWT s,
WTW TTWT ^wfeiT 71 eft^ wtlj
Cr
fe&» rTW qjfq f%5tuf%% wfe^T ^
^T?r ^i7r i i
% TTfmw ! ’Wq^l q^rw q"^T $fi ^ qiWT, fe «R ‘^pft
feWTKW qKWqT% WT’T ’Wife ^TT^qR qiRT
^KTT^’T ^wft ^T’T ^T^ft WW
I I
’ft q?fq Timws ^ ^TTri cft^q> m*
’ft wfeqrt wrwfefe i ^ \
^4% ’T’TT’T wwigw wY wfwt ^im qi^w^ wtttt
fe*T% trSTlT ^T«fTT ^ft Ttfft
«TWt I ^8 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
687
Translation,
282. When they entered in, Gaurmukha took
the divine gem and said to the king : —
283. ** King, you may have got very tired by
Trnnv imivnotr • anrl avaflriYVi T clvnll nmin* rl o iron -inrifli \
I I I
688
n%ni^nr i
fqqtqTfq^qqq: |
fafaq gfqqTqq* qqqt qiqqT qw: H »
qtftfq ftiRPlhttav I
TOT^fajrf?RTf%7rT ^rfqr
qqT^gfqw. q^ qt: 8 \^ \
q ^t«tt fqqrqTfq^faqrqTqiq ftfro i
q»qqq qfqqiq qqqMq tfqqq H ^\Q ||
fq^qg^ qtqnqi qqq fq^m qrcw qq, qft q? ^fqqiT,
qr qqtqqqT, qT fqqnfqf^ qfqqiT qqiq 1 1 i
qrcwiqi^ qqq qfa % l ^ i
•qVqiTqi fqqjqgur qqq q^ fqsm q>Tw qfi, qft
qq<rcq qq qfa t htt "mn qrrq i i
q $q£q: q^iqqqf^ qrfqq
qrswt I
Ti^fT qq 5T Tqn: qqq qjq^ \^mx^ q?qjft
fqqtq^ qgtq- fqq q^q ^q^qx% qirqqq
fq^q qrqqq^ $ qTw ?» qri^qf qqqqrcq
q«t^T qyq qn^q^q qqqq Tw»ft qftq^t qqq «si
^i^t ^qq qfq^t qqiq tqqrci qfa ^:fam
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
689
Translation.
286. Having witnessed with his own eyes this
marvel, he was amazed and thought within him-
self — “ This is either the work of this sage, or his
austerities, or the virtue of the gem itself.”
287. As a forlorn lover’s misery is only aggra-
vated by the balmy light of the full-moon, the
wicked, even when living in the company of the
good, can never bring forth good.
288. Having witnessed the virtue of the gem,
Durjaya became very sad ; and with astonishment,
thought how he could possess himself of the jewel.
fa’aratfrfc WX TOT fFSl ^1
wtrora wi ? i ^ i
cm fwi
tot ernwsrs c\t
3d i ^ i
nt*rt c&U <
fasnitft&fTOB ^ fNi
<4^ i *>v i
i
M
Ov X
W^frT fafwj W. I
sf^T*T* *T TT^m^WTWfi: II II
Terr^t ^rT^^r tt’C w qffa<Tr I
wft II ^< 5 . o
^t^i ijstw^t ^r?rij ffaq^qn? I s*° II
v:? gfir ^w4 I
7r*m %<i ^rqre *tt <st ^ff^scsnnf^ffT n ^<** 11
#¥ qfi\T ^ra% ^ 3T? fTW
TT^JT prq MW f%«rir qi^
Sfifcw ^Fq»T%
Utt f%sfirfw% tttI^t qrcq< *?t I \rz*z i
^ TW?RT ^TT’TT^ 3TS Trfw^T TrSfl^T ^T«T TO,
qjfqqiT ^ qrm qw^% srtww *fK*rw ^fw q^T
2Rtq q«T$ qfaq- vi[ | ^c<c I
tVr^i qiTwwiqTO ^\x TT«rwto ^tw
TO 5%qreT qrs^q?; ^ *iir, wfq>q <jq tt^tt
%¥ qq>rcq ^rth fawT qfqq 1 1 ° I
3* ^ ^xm Tmi ^wqqft qia,
Sl’ft 5fq ^srir qjqq ^nqcfit ?mq TO fw^if
f%qq>T *Tf qiwTT^t- wt?t -qfte; ^t ^tt3 i ? I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
691
Translation.
289. “ I must take possession of this gem by any
means,” thought Durjaya for a while ; and hastily
leaving the cottage, he despatched his courtier to
the sage to ask for Chintdskldhi.
290. “ Do you grant this best of gems to His
Majesty,” said he to the sage ; when the latter flew
into a wrath and said, —
291. “ The Brahmins are to receive, the kings
are to give. But how can you, being a king, come
asking like a poor man.
292. “Goto the wicked king, and tell him at
once to quit this place, — let none know this hate-
ful desire of his.”
^Ttff I
ct cto <artfsi <irt
TOFl WX 51R ^*rTOT
Iwl TOfl TOftspT TO-
<3^ f^i> IwiWw
TOOT I I
<1OT TOtl TOrtre TO TOT,
i> i
TOnflsri TOTO TO TOTO ftfwl
spu ^ftrert stttTO fro TO1
1% efTOa TOot Hit^r f%^i i
c*rt toi fro ^r>
4TO <2(TO TO?, "SRI C*ltC? ^
ft*!? ^ttc?r i w i
j — 4
wfiUHT^T I
C\ v
f%5ff giT ^5TWT ^fw ^feRHR II II
Tgft *RTH ^ ^qT%^ |
?jw^ crr^rwq ^ 11 11
; flrf: *Rt^qftfTI3Tr ^wTT ^T^TW^Tfqa I
IW*r. ^PORT* 7T^ q-T I
sTTlffWR *rfw 7TW rr’Wff' II ^<5 $ ||
< & °\
i q;qg^^T sftqrt I
V
^RR *i ^ fqq^T qjqsTT^fwq^ II ^<£. II
<
| cT?5fflT l
| TTWT^ ^T9T^T ^ qTrT
qj^qT^T *ffr ^fqr^fiT fqqq fq?riT fR
vwtT l ^ I
r*ttr q?m ^ wra tiwt% faqiz ^r-
q>*% ^T'frw qR qRT. *r ^t*t TT^rm
qs^ i I ^ i
TT«IT ^R RWRT% *T^*T 31^% ^ERR ^HR
IpT# «TT*T RR TOIBpft
qfara *R, % R*TTR ! RtR *T?PKTO if? 1PBPC%
q%, *re jr»pr is sn^nra faq«zi *TfnriT *r
| ^ I *<*8 I
rjtri sfhr ttrt^ Rg^rc
qqi q?fqqi RTR*m RRT 'JRT I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
693
| Translation.
293. Having said this to the courtier, the sage
went to provide leusa and sacrificial wood,
s thinking of the virtue of the gem, in cutting off
enemies.
294. The courtier, on the other hand, being
thus told by the sage, went to the king, and
| related in detail all that the Brahmin had said.
295. Hearing the haughty words of the Brah-
min, Durjaya was very wroth ; and said to Nila,
| another courtier of his — “ Go instantly to the
| wicked Brahmin, and anyhow bring the gem to
i me.”
296. According to the king’s order, Nila, with a
} large number of soldiers, went to the woodland
| cottage of the Brahmin.
fwl ^
^?n ?rtspifartc*f
<rtwi
ciFtw
«PTfaI ! ifk %ST Sp5ft ^<T,
^TIS 5H, (71 ^
| ^7® #1 ^f=RR ¥3 I W I
^ brcj
I TTtwm ^u\ w i ^ i
C>94«
s|r ?r i
*rgqr qfcqqWrr II n
<TfT^r% 5 T qt% |
^^qTTir^: II ^ns II
*rcm: q«iw. ^t^t: wwt: qifqqqhr: i
q^g^T: qfl’wk'T <rf^T: qqq^rqnn: |
f^iqqr *rfqr fqqqr ^qq#qT q^T^r: II i
ficft fqqtfaq ?st i
^ vj c,
q^SRiqi^miT II ^( 5 <s ||
cTOfUT I
5 ?tqr ’qreqq fw q^ qfw«fi>
^qrqjqq> qw*r qqT | |
, qfqfq'g q sftq wq arqq% , rtqi^ qsrq qqq.
°\ \3
qq ^fqq> q*T qfqq qnr q qqq ^qq qrwrii q^
«\
^tlT fqqqir qq i |
TO SfitT ^WI$T f%q, to q\^jqq
qq, ^tT f%q, st* ^t^t fTTqT^T qjq>
qte fasq* ?\%wt fqq, qq q^C qq^q; qrqf i
<
*r?iwt q^Tquft qlf t qt qfqqT w^% fqqqq
qq l I
j ^ qJSTqq’ qfq% TO"^ qq qq q\|jr qRT
| qj^qi qrqqiT% q^q ^ qqrqr qqi wq q;qr% qrfq
J J o
j TO^qi gf qiqq qrii | ^ i
I
j
j
1
Translation.
297. On coming to the cottage, he saw the gem
at the spot where the cignihotra was being cele-
brated ; and hastily descended to the ground.
298. When Nila had descended from his car,
with evil in his heart, armed warriors began to
| come out of the sage’s gem.
299. Some were mounted in cars, some bore
banners, some were horse-soldiers, some, bowmen,
some, with swords and bucklers, some, with quivers
all were dreadful to behold. Countless in-
vincible warriors thus began issuing out of the
\ gem.
300. The gem-begotten warriors, bearing vari-
ous weapons, saw before them the strength of the
enemy, and began the fight with fixed courage.
| i
i ^ i
| i 1
3 VtfRR ^tsTtSPt^T
! cMw\ <?rt ^%i ^©^rtf^r i w i
srfal ^rtswtft *if*r*rcp c^rW^M
Cff%1
I Ooo I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
696
nfiffUT^IT I
FT^fTJ i
> l
reT ret g
re: *rfre> ft*rg: i
**rgro rehrereV
reT^ qq^ref^Tq IL ^°° (I
wfgr’r re fwrerrefqq-
WqTqqV ^5T ire TTWT |
q s^re: qraretsfreta:
reiretwqftreqtq n v* ii
v) ' * >
mwi( *r w^t wtd ret^rei orefq I
qfref qiftft reri ttV^wt wfcr. n ^ ^ n
^fFTrlt retire* retf |
tt^t q qfretft ftwire re ft i u
4 I
CTC5WT
I
% qfrecrc: ! reire ^fNrr gyqr g f Ttrer
qfa re IN#i *nv qre^q re I k°° I
^r Tireq^ re q^-q re reT, re qrfinrarft
Ti^fT q req qgw tqfqsr rere% q-^jire
qiTqq; *rfre <37trqi rei qtgraranr qT^ gre qg re*!J
rei l I |
W* rere TI^TT fWq qfre Wt qfgT
fqw srg q»re re, qit rere qm q^q«T
qjre q?K f sr rereqi qrrqqq qre% qt
re^T qgii ’srere qrre* %z* freir rew
re i ^ | |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Translation.
301. O best of sages, the eminent courtier
with his army were sent to “ Pluto’s gloomy reign”
in that fight.
302. When the courtier was killed, the puissant
king came with his Chaturanga army to the field ;
and commenced a desperate fight with the gem-
begotten forces.
303-304. In the meantime, Gauramukha returned
with kusa and sacrificial grass to his cottage ; and
sitting at its door began to think of the fearful
battle.
I
^rl ^RfTO TO i
TO-Rit ^ TO*i-
*TRft TO frRJWTO ^Tl ( 7 $
RtTO<£#¥ CTOC*fo Rf^s
RTOR RfsTS I TO I
CR TO (TTOfTO Rf^a TO
cto©r r°to cr^ rrr ctimy #
RfR^RtfR R^Tl RtTO «rtf*Rrt CR^ CRtR^I RRi
cTOi RtTOR to TO Rfe©
RtfTOR I 'Oo'O I TO I
698
ft i
tr ^n^T *rf«r3j?T I
ftrsrRRR Tft* *rfa: II II
n grw^r ^m: w*rrcw I
?r *rt ^i 4 f*rfir wV'ChRa I ^ ol i 11
^ qjfw? 3TT^f%^r<^r Tfter* I
s Cv
qT'rN gaafc TTTq qf^^Tf^TT II II
\ ifrrw^t ^iwnR^fipi I
S J X A
^ ciw ^iarwf $ ^Ttrir^i
s
Owwisttc^iww ^araa* &<i n ^®3 11
qiKw *re^; *rw I,
«kfto3t qiTw qrvr i ^®a i
^ q?fa *TT^TqW^T ^RW ftit,
vtarai^ir '**%
%, ^ % q?q ! rf^ qnxw
f^nTT faRi ? i ^ i
qffcw^ qjfq ^TTT?[T!r^t sp? l[«TO$ ^TfT
3iR> q^qiTT^T %, % %3 ! ^ f HWT
fdfarafr ^RiT ^EIW m «R^T I 5o^ I
^trrw qjfaqft *n**Rir i^% 3 >tw ^pt3
^sjr ^t^tt gasN^t *«r %?TRiT ^T*r *m «
^ I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
699
Translation.
305. Knowing that the gem was the root of the
evil, he contemplated N&rdyana.
306. Immediately N&r&yana presented himself
before the sage in his yellow dress and mounted on
Garura ; and said, “ Sage, why have you thought
307. Gauramukha with clasped hands said to
Narayana, “ 0 God, vouchsafe to destroy the wicked
king with his army.”
308. Thereupon, he instantaneously reduced
Durjaya and his host to ashes.
WtOT ^5Tl Rffa
TsSffa ^1 wife *tt%1
5^ aiCT fF«i wffeR i oofi- 1
'3 ^fwl
^rl f% f^ie
’SR'I ? I «»'!> i |
%r fort*t w^i i t> o< \ I |
<n m Tfaj fimuz f
^fwl c¥f%-
PR I ««H
of me ? ”
^tlf% 7 3II e t <f#TW<4 CTOR Rtart?T«l
K — 4
700
i
<K s
Tli rTrft ^ 3Tk*nq rT^T I
f^f^W3f faW q3T II ^0£. ||
^TOSf%M<T^T 4 tfaqT I
q m^TWHT fqtqq? n kt° li
^*p|r rTrft ^<ft ^?l>S^*rf5m ! Nr. I
fqqftsfq ^t g < t: \\^\\\\
CK.3IHI I !
iw^’t ^ *Niqi ^i^r q>?;ii ^rfxr^T
#, ! %=? ?r? sr* fa^q-
*fR*f ^T«T^^»T 5TST 2RT^W% 3}^
■Hf^^TTtqr q 5 ? ^TT«T f%irWT ! ?W^
gtq* Ttm I ^®s. I l
^Trm q?ftm ^ qra ^f5fi^?sT tT arm
*R qffc q?fq*rt q^q qqqRnqq
w ^tT i I |
— '*5#
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 701
Translation.
309, 310. After having annihilated Durjaya with \
his army, Narayana said to Gauramukha, “ 0 best j
of sages, from the circumstance that has led to \
the instant annihilation of the Danava force in this
forest, in future it shall be called NaimisMranya.
It will be the haunt of Brahmans.” I
311. N&r&yana vanished with these words ; and
the sage continued to pass his days in perfect happi-
ness.
^SpItT i
forM TOU
<4% toj
srfrr TO TOHfTOs fTOt c*n-
% I «<»5> | |
TOW '<nfro <4^ to TOral
qifae TOTO TO to TO TOft
zm I I
MX
\ wrf^-
q-srcl^r
°\ 0\ <\
) C\ N Os.
t^r: qrf^rrTT: fafa^nriftfa ¥fmfa ^ i*«r^FbniT«r
iTTTWTf^W 'ariWW ¥3?lt rf^rf^WTW^T^¥
^ ^TrffipiT i
6
I
: (k "
\ i
rf^Tf <3f ^ rft ^ WT I
fa^<TT f^oRt ^ftp^flf TJHt II klR II
I
<*
| ctrsTJTi i
^TT 1R ^ ^-31^1 TI^tT, ^T >nr*W
\ vKt tww? w?,
j ^ <\ <*-
TT^«g T^T^T TT^T, ¥T ^¥¥Tif %T[^\ T<?1 3R%
Try ^RrlT^ *jf?T ¥^<T, t^rTRiT ¥S(T ^V
’srr? ipfnw ^rw ¥¥i¥7f wr* tmwrf<^ sn^ro -
¥^?I WTW f?T"rHI T, frT^T ^TTOPi; ¥T
j gra? ¥Tri! f%¥ra % i
| TT^T ^RI¥iT RT¥^% I
^3flfT ?ZtK TOi ^rf, ^g-51-
^ 'ifrx in<nsr$ uf%^, ^tt^r *if"r3iT
¥¥T3T I •
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
" —
703 ^
Translation.
Princes and rich men now-a-days use dia-
\ monds and other gems in ornaments ; but in
| ancient times, they used them in decking their
| houses, in making idols, in worshipping them, as
| well as in making ornaments. Many instances of
this are found in the Purdnas and other works ;
; of which I cite the following instances : — •
The Court of Yudhisthirci.
312. The Asura made a court which stood
\ unrivalled in the three worlds. It blazed with
| gems and was a marvel.
^ ffa-
's inpjtsrl MH,
*\\m
^t<r etot«i *tt6Ki w
Tt#i fr&s ^<rl c^m i
;■ <
I <rtwi i
m^iw i
704.
I
Os
^nrTT^T^flT^fT II ^ II
3WT ^iT ^r^li^l ^ I
«TT^RRT aWIBR q^R *W II ^?8 II
^ffcrerafa jprt *t^t I
qq*ft SSfTO^ f^T f^3R ^|*T II ^ H
«r«ntainfNn*T fl*prre<* fifom I
^ram f%Tgr^rr wt ftfinnrMffcn I %% f i
5SOWT i
% TOTO* | ^ft *HT ^ftWT^RT apTW TOR aftfafi
^T fTWR wqftf*R 't I ^ •
^ irqiT^ ^rfor^ ^br^ ^fa ^sprrafr
W I, ^ VRiF& *RT W^qst w
q}^ *Wt I k\% I
q*TT ^jqw wsr qi^%
®s
■SfT^^ET^TT-T 'ftqrci TT^iTO qi?ft I I
*T? TO TO f%WK» ^f?r qfrf’TrT ^ fqf^
^firqft qqRt 'Ttqi^ STwfa ^TT«T 'aft^TT
qn;qi %fq qftfft *rqV I ^ ? f >
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
705
Translation.
313. 0 King ! The edifice was adorned with
golden trees. It measured five thousand yards.
314. It looked like the court of Agni, Suryya,
or Chandra.
315. It dimmed the lustre of the glorious sun,
and burned in its own dazzling brilliance.
316. The spacious and splendid palace con-
tained a raised seat studded with gems ; and stood
piercing the heavens, like fresh clouds.
i
! (71^
?*f ^ I 'OVO I
*T®1 <4 Wfs
<4^ *f®1 ftW t2F5tt^e *fat-
^ crw *^?rl et^'M
^rf% <R%r 's ftfsar
^Ftwl i i
8^
y* 706 flfilHraT I
qwn
C\ "
q^qqT fqfqbl fqsHWqT II ^\3 II
q qnriff ^wf sn sn^t qiq mqqft i
q»TT ^q<ir q^T q| qfqqTq qqt II n
1*<p|ijwfqqqT ^nrr^^BiwnH^rt I
cf^JT qqTqf ?rf%5ff qqiTqTqfqqT ¥5: II ^ £ II
%*T^7Tf»r^fff WT^Tf^TTWTgrTt I
igftq-^: q^feqt W*rqJN II II
qpsmr i
fq^qrof q^ totot *n«TTqq>iT ^q <^ai q;qq
qfqqnr, q^r qq qqq qf, q<sm qiqiTq qiq% qfgq
qftq q$?q qqiq fqq q^q fqfqq q*qq> fqqrfw
qiqqqq I %V§ \
^rfqff%qiq qqqiqq qiqq qT^ri qfqf%qq-
?ii wt q*FT qqRT, fqqqrt q^^rir qfteqjpfft qrc-
qtTqi q^T, qmqrq<ftq>T qqr q*fa qqr
q^Tqq qiqq qq i I
qq ^iqq qq qqiq q^fqqiqiT qiqigqr, ^rqqi
qqiTqqrr q<qq qqiqT qqq qrcq> qfffqq qrg^q
qqfqq\ qqjqq qq l I
qq ^jqq q^r qqiqT q*twT qffr qtafara qfw
qsqq, fqfqq, qiqiqqiq qjqq qftfqq, qtqiqiT
qqiqi fqqfqq qfqq, qwq\ qiqr?T, Tq qq qsqqi
qfffqq qqi i |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
707
! Translation. J
( >
317. Visvakarma, tlie Architect of the gods, fur-
nished it with furniture of superb grandeur, filled
| it with treasures, enclosed it with a gemmed wall,
| and hung it all round with fairy pictures. >
318. The court of Yudhisthira, made by the
Danava Maya, beat hollow the court of Krishna
at Dwaraka, the Amaravati of Indra, or for that
matter, the court of Brahma himself.
319. Maya decorated the palace with lotus-
plants, having leaves of cat’s eyes, and bearing
lotuses composed of lustrous gems.
320. He ornamented it with gold and saugcm- \
dhikas, with birds of rich hues, and with full-
blown lotuses of gold, fishes and tortoises.
^f?Rrt ^fimtfTOTC I 'SVH
3f%5tf^?m ^ <m >T«1 Mt*l
TO, C*lW^T Wl, Tl
wfaffa *F©1, mTO >p5ts ^
| %r i i
5ft5 m <7rt ftfar
wgs-mws ^*fsj Mt 4 !
j I |
| wi 'S I I
708
jqfiirjTT^T i
? C\ "
fqqqfifeqqlqTqT fsitq-^f^^T I
; q^Tfqqrqgfm ^wrfsr^w^Tf^frt 11 ^ n
f ^ <5 ^
j «rfiR;g[f97rt «TTnJ qtfq^qRT qifqqTJ I
■:
??Tf^T ^THTWT?T5g qs^RTTT qqq^STcI II ^ II
> * N
I T^RR^Tq^R I
wf^apraV qfat qf%q qnwqfqfqmT i
qfilfeqft TT^qt qqjqtq* wm II I
/
/
cr? smi i
qq ^Rq q? qqiq fafqq qpftq qfiiqT f%qtgw>
j qi^f^TT SR W, #q q*^ q5^ qqqqt TR^R
<nrft W^R qqt, W\~£\ q>f?R q^I q^R^Wt
qqiq^ qf^w qffc qRTqqiw qfq q?;i sftfqq
qifa qqj ufqq qqiq qqiqt, fwq infiR^
qn^qt qqq> qfR^r qqiq ^ qqq. 3tqRqqt qqq
| fq^qqq i I ^ I
ttrt qq^T qqq qre^% 1
qqT% qrtT tsr q^ qtqrqrr t<*r, qtT tstr
q>qq, qftt ^IR qfqq q^T RIR Rtffa
fqf*£q qqi ; Rqfq ire mqq fqq ^q
qfr^TT qjqt I, fqq qqqq fqq qq tart qRTqq
! qq l ^ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
709
Translation.
321-322. Maya made a wonderful tank, of which
the steps were of excellent crystal. It contained
small pearls; and was furnished with a raised
platform of brilliant gems. The waters looked
translucent, and seemed waving in the summer
breeze. People (mistaking it for a real tank) tried
to plunge in.
The Court of Indradumna.
323. Some parts of this court were filled with
gems, some with gold, some with crystal, and the
others with silver ; — that is, all these were placed
in their proper places, in order to effectiveness.
i
j CTO TOT TOF
j iffai <4 to ff 3R *ic<rta<f
^rtro<i fsptfM ^frot%r a, mm
*ic?rtTO mm ^frol ^rtfrol
I i i
wfa com mm iw, cmrn mm
cwm mm ^>^to,cto^ mm ti tofsto <pfwi
?^tfror, c\ ci iw fcr wti
to* ^<n ^rtfror i i
710
WWTI
C\ **•
Ttnwq: yt%% ^rTTT^T%ff:
*vmar ^tt^j fswhrw i
**NF3Sr»FTO Tf^m fr^WHT II ^<JL I
v) ®S
^TWW5T I
WRIT*^ I
\i
II I
CTCSTRT
rp^ ^T^TI ** TSiqiT *sWT»
wttt ^ tran^^rtaran' ^qfaqiT, ** w§
iftftra ffcrt v?ft i ^8 I
i ^r^rw^mr \ w¥t ^wt
ytW* -sfcft I, Iwqrerf wfa ?m *?5 T*Fzrzr%
WnH- ?re ipiTT* ^T^t’f TfT^ 3TC^
M? I l
^TT^Tqw?r % i
WRR t‘ I
’aft fr^rn: vm *t*tt frreifw I
*TTfanfi, qi^r ^ ^tT*t *ft<jn \ \
i'.tlVT
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
711
Translation.
324. The windows were furnished with gemmed
pillars ; — they were hung with rich tapestries,
fringed with pearls.
325. O Dwijas, as the courts of the gods
fascinate the mind, — so it was with this court
made by Maya.
j Description of DivdraM.
Bhagahina said —
326. Make a goodly city, a hundred yojanas in
area, with rubies, emeralds, excellent sapphires ;
i
Tt<rl
wl ^?rt%r i ^8 1
R^t'Q *kri-
^ s Tr Wt c i 1 1 i
i
fw $ W t*i i
w, ^ ^r%r I i
jqfilflTMr 1
i
«T*W?I
C\ ^
: xnfiwsf ^ I
*r*rSVffM^* ^^TnrTf^fH^r^r 13^9 11
*PWW!TTf^f3ws I
tt II II
tft’chrqw ^fig^pftwxn;^: l
♦ C\
qfT^faf^W 3Tt^: qw^wt: II ^<« II
6
^?R^q»qwfwwfiT^nif%M: II ^© II
| *R5WT I j
< )
WR ( oft xm ZT^T ^*T[*f ), xnfK-
| ^ ( *rt Tm m^\TM ), wir
| ( v:m *ttw ), ( ^ tw j
^T^T ), ^Tfe.*T ( Wf KQ ^TFTR:5
j ^T«TT«T ), ^^TJrl I ^q\9 I \
f 4^T5fi, ^fa:^ *rfnr, qT*n^ f»rer i
< °*v ^
| *rf ^for, ^K5 ?t *rftr, I I
vftrt^5T% *T*n*T t^r ^rc «rw ;
^15TT% ^WR T^R *f%, qt^fil *rr
j to^fc *f%, qRqfii wpt *tt% I ^<®. 1
^TWT% ^RR T^R ^f% ^55R ^*5% ^
T^R *rf%, W^rl ^-OTqfiX ^W*T K^R I I
A TREATISE ON GEMS
713
Translation.
327. Rtichakas (tlie gem whose color is like the
tdbd lemon) — Parivadras, (whose color is like the
pdlitamdddra flower), Palankas (a kind of gem),
SyamantaJca , Gandharvas (whose color is like that
of musk deer), Darimas (whose color resembles the
pomegranate flower) Chundrakantas ;
(
328. Suryakantas , white crystal, other green
gems excepting emeralds, black gems, cat’s-eyes ;
329. Gems yellow like Gorochana, those re-
sembling the pale-red pomegranate-seeds, those
| resembling the lotus-seeds, those like blue lotuses ;
330. Gems dark like colyrium, — those which
I resemble the champalca flower in color and which
are faultless and transparent, — those resembling
\ molten gold ;
), )>
I I I |
»tfa1 f%Sf j
c’ftert'Rta
5 irti ^ 5^1, ^r-
WT |
^ C?Fs
I Sjfe) I 'S-Oo I I
I
\ I
< Os " <
TTR’s' ^ Sfft# ^ ^ Tj%t: II ^ \ ||
gWlf^T ^f^>TI *TW Sf^^fafT I
| *<irfat ^ WS^ITff *T*RrT?T I
f^iW ^fc-srfsfi li ^ n
| sjftre i |
^nf^nlN fa^T^rwT i
JZ W^JtT^T ii ^ ||
| ^nrorang f%^T?TT^ ’irnzr i
< °\ j
> o ^8 n
| sitswt i
ilii! ’srfa* ^ft^w fcrw t, it^r
^ri^r «rf*ir, 'sfNrjm *TTtt, ^rf^r^s
j ^tHT ^rfai I ^ I
| ipetw *rf% wm\ *ftw%
fa<T%*f% #, frP3 *W ^ «ft lifaTT TTTrft ^r^,
j TT 5 ? W\^ ^ *rfwt I farR f^Trfcfi
*TW ^*TC *TT *R, ffTrTH f^^rrf^S fRT% ^TT*R
\ WfiT^IRt I ^ I
1 3rf?T% I |
^T, *!***# ^sV f%^T7TW
?ra^nw ^S^rir vv I ^ •
efi^T f«RR^
<T<jR T^3i ^frr IRWfa, ^sft 5 ??;
S VTOiliri I ^8 I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
715
Translation.
331. Weighty, pale-red gems valued at a price
I a hundred times that of gold, — and being the best
\ of their kinds. <
332. Put these and other precious jewels in
| their proper places. So long as your work is not \
| finished, indent for gems at the treasury of Kuvera.
Further : — j
333. Gods, Asuras, Gandliarvas, Kinnaras began
to pour into Dwaralca, to see Krishna and Valar&ma.
334. Some descended from the sky, some from
*rta, c*rteRi i c*r
c*fa srl 'srts'Rr
c^n51, 'Q
Tl *Tfat*t Tl ^©*TCF5*M-
wffa
^twl ^rtteR i i
their cars, — and alighting underneath the banyan
tree, looked on Dw&rak& the matchless.
'5T5^t? I
^'S i
M — 4
716
HWRP3JT |
W
^?ra^nrafwnt 11 H
TW **f*ra t || ^ ||
WTfwrtf^llh i
’sftwfaf piRt qi^Tfq ^g?r: o 33$ n
Ww: qfW?r: |
qfafoft ^^f^-cit i
*JT5f£fT
?TW ^irt *6T% SHfi, ^ *rt*R fq^JTT
*flf?T, ^Tfw^T 'fftT ^if^ XQr
j *** "aftf^TrT T I ^ |
ft sTTC^iT ^ra55T *T^W **%, *M
| ^Vt ftfa 5rc% aftfira, vrfwqf ^fcm
qiqreT aftf«ra, qiw wt 'aftf^Tcr, *Tfsr-
*rm, *rfa?T ftfa w ’fk
R^RT^T q^en ^k m W f^f^TT TT^T^T ^rrf^
WWt ^rtfa?r nqfKqiT
*nsbr% ■art^rr wi
< ^
*&ft 11^1 ^ i *$« l
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
717
Translation.
335. The city was square, — it measured a hun-
dred yojonas, and all over, was decked in pearls,
rubies, diamonds and other gems.
336 — 338. The city was high, — it was orna-
mented with gems ; and was furnished with cupolas
of rubies and diamonds, — with emerald pillars, and
with court-yards of rubies. It contained endless
temples. It had cross-roads decked with sapphires,
— and highways blazing with gems. It blazed
like the meridian sun in summer.
% I 'WW I
^3?Tto©
f^«T | | | |
718
JT^JT
*nfa ^ I
»lfaWW*T<rt ^fl«TT rT^r *Tt%rfT II 3^<e II
TTwit^ *nrraip?«i^TO ^f%*r. i
^Tilng- mT^nr 11 ^ 8 ° ll
^^TirRmra^ TTW^fl^fwfTT I! ^8? II
^ 7 i<t T£HT |
cT^T *T f%^ II ^ 8 ^ 11
cTC5THT I
irw ^n?r% toi Ter "aftf^rr,
^ufter, *rfa vtfNft I, «=? ^r^t^iT
^ I ^<8 I
t:wt^ TwfafWm srt%
’h^tt ^V fere uftm qia t^sfczrpft
frl^T TJ^T’C '3Tt*TT <ttw vij- i ^8® i
tfsfT^ TTSTT^ ^T^r^rr vpi*t «TT*TT *P& ^W,
’SR^rTWI^ *tf"T fsff^cT
aftfari 1 1 ^siteir farf ^ 1 xm
*>rr sif% aj^i i ^8^ I
1
j
A TREATISE ON GEMS
719 ^
Translation.
Description of Ayodhyd ,
339. Ayodhyd contained palaces of gold and
jewels, — its ground was beaten gold.
34i0. The city looked like the celestial residence
of the trident-bearing God on the Sumeru, Man-
dara or Kailasa.
341 — 342. The Ayodhyd of the royal anchoret,
Rantideva, was studded with jewels, — Chandra
Kantas, which exude dew, ornamented its count-
less windows and roads. The city contained gems
in such profusion, that it would have been counting
the stars to enumerate the jewels.
wfa, <7rt
i i
'Q <7^*1 c*tt^i ^fortf^r,
^^rft ^Xm,
srfeRtctf i «rcqt«fjt are ^rfw
3W t^WT^TfST f^«T (7f, ^T'^TJl ^S?l
^ I ^8^ I ^85. |
<WPf i
^prt*trft e fr i
720
nftmrer i
J
Os N
fit wfe«^ip*frn:-
^TCT l^f^^TZrftTWT
fTPETT^Tt ^f^T^T^T-
^ A
tf^sHrarT*ra«ffaf^g*r-
*f^[* II ^ 8 8
*8*
ct?5WI I
!!pct«6T 3T?W% I
w*? to* vshpct *$, fa* to* mfz^a
*fw 3 *t*t ^fa *Vt *t%*: ^rtwT *nr, *mT
^rfrr tt?* ^TTi^rf^fajTg:, rir^T *k tftfiftir faf*i<r,
*=?*;% 3T%* *ttt *^ir ^t** *fa,
?iTfa*T **fa* **** *<*% jftfwi i ^8^ I
*tW 3*T*T *gW* 5 ^ **fa* *q-
**, *Tfa *Tfa WT^f, *^fa*T, ^frT* *ft*T, ^*f>
*tfa qi*TT, *3 TW^faTO^ WT1T
wm ■aftlwr t^¥5t ^<sfa
v5 °
** I 383 I
Translation.
Description of the city of Kama.
343. Krishna saw the city of Kansa made
of crystal, furnished with high gates, with
golden doors, with impregnable brass and copper
battlements, with gardens, and fairy wood-lands.
344. He saw the city furnished with golden
cross-ways, palaces, gardens, ranged courts,
cornices and raised platforms, studded with eat’s-
eyes, diamonds, pure sapphires, coral, pearls, eme-
ralds, &c. \
i
I
■'S I «8'0 I
W 'S ctfiTF© ftw,
'S
(7ft *T*ft | <S88 I
72a
Jrqtr 1 j
| I
qqgiir q tt^tt g qrcqHgrTfqq: 1
■gi^ri^ qf^fq TO II ^8>JL II
^Ng:iTf!3zn*r fwTOTq’S f%«ct^rr I
qrfqq 11 ^ 8 e 11
°v * N ' s
t^qzt: ij; 4 Nerf^cr ^qqtqq I |
^pkwqqqw fq^qTOfqfqfqfrT II ^8\3 II
qqqTqiqq3?fr I
qta<Trfqqq«5W pf»i?i| 7j"r: l j
*wtw amron: fqq^q n 11
I
tresmi 1 \
q^irqrq TT^fT^t <r^q>T qwq toti i 1 j
q>T^ TI^TT qq SRWT qqq>T \
qr£ «qqraTqft> qffa qqr qarq fqqtfq
f%qT 1 ^81 I I
TO *w ^ ^ ^ITT q^T qfo xrqr ^
qfq ^ i?r fqqp, qffc qsfeqi qrfqr^RT qqiqT vro ;
qSTq TW qfk qt^T q>qi qrfqq I ^8f I
q\ qq ?T^ ^ q qr^fqqT q>q$ ^T^Tf^rf, q^T,
qsrii qrwi qiqqi 'aftfqq qftq fq^qsqffqqqiqT 1 ^a^>l
qt qq qiqT^q qtwTqft fq^t qqt, qijfqqTqiT
^tTqsft q^ qfa qq ^W q^ipfiT qqiq^, q^ qq
^ 71 ^ t^qq tqqqi$ qqiq 1 q^T q^iiqn;
qTTTqqt qiqft ’qqjft qqtqi ’qg^q qf
qq qfziO fqqrfa fq»qi 1 ^ 8 ^ l j
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
723
Translation.
The City of the King Chandra-selchara.
345. Cliandra-sekhara, king of Karavira, said
this and founded a city adorned with high palaces.
346. These houses were seven hundred yards
high and fifty two and half yards in length. The
court-yards were made of gold and gems.
347. The terraces were made of white cat’s-eyes,
the pillars were of gold and gems. They were
constructed by Yisva- Karma.
348. The stairs were of gems, the cornices were
of cat’s-eyes, the rest, — of gold. The roofs might
become the courts of the gods themselves. The
King made the palace to meet the wish of his
beloved spouse, Taravatf.
I
<TtWt<T I
(><f) YtY,
3W 'S I '$8b |
'S WH'i 1 08 ^ I
TpR ettntcra
carfare 1 ?rW h® - -
fsfW ,^%i
*$$ Mt 4 ! ^3TC I ^8^ |
724
jnswr i
C\ "
^rirnr: nmt tootri: I
v) j
VXf sfi $\ II ^8<* It
sTfTTf^fa: TOpftSh sTT^T^favrfafit i
’ftew: ll ^yi® II
«f 4
irww: i
^rrsf^r ^fwf *ftsw sre: l
%st ^TW^t 'ZTFS? h ^ n
nrmm \
grbRT I
STefST TT^TW «TT 5 TT t*PST *HT TI^T
Tppnj^^r^^ sTT^rW ^fjf^
^T<t ^ 35^ ^W, 5TT*TTT<5I 3i*$i TtfarT,
^VmT ^ *rftnRT ^RTsfi - ^ ftf
^CtWT 3iT% 'aftfvTrr
MV I ^8<* I H° I
HW* WflSt ipfcfiT ^f T i*T 3r?7T% I
% gfa ! qtw w^ 2?w
-aftf^rw, tt'^sTt*t ^ gfw^T ^rnfT*r *ft*ra
l i
A TREATISE ON GEMS
7£5
Translation.
The description of the City of Ahichchhatra.
349-350. After passing through, many cities, with
the horse of the Asvamedha, Satrughna came
to Ahichchhatra city, which was filled with people
of the four castes. It was adorned with gems of
various kinds, decked in gold and crystal, and
furnished with palaces and gates.
The City of the Yakshya Purna-vadra, described
351. O Agastya, thereupon the Yakshya Purna-
! vadra called in his principal wife, decked in golden
| pendants ; and said —
i ^rt^r, mi
^rl 'e
^55^1 I ^8S> I >04® I
efwtffa <j<^5 i
frfMt I «« \
incidentally
I
* <
726
^T^TJT I
C\ "
^ * -v # ,
*T 'W^H'J *JW3; I
WTTW^TT ^^RTOfarcnf^f II II
ftl^^nW^T^r* ^Z^ferTf^T^m II II
*«B W^TT**^ wfajfllfasRRTfW I
II ^8 ||
5R*r^T*ft^nw^ *rw^*f fir^ l
*r^7 ^fawwffT Tr^irn^^w II ^y y II
A
tTC^WT I
% fg$ ! ^TfqrT ^
3iT% ■artf^rT, *ftf?pfiT ^T*r Vifrf^ *T*TC
^farT, W^iTifl ^r«TT^?T
0\ '
^antl =swr iif% ^\m 1 1 i
7TW# ^jfqjcfi ?fNr cfi?;^ eT^T«ft,
^Tlt^iT TsWT qRT% ^fvrcT TO,
TO to -nrnft TO*ft *6^ tot«t 'aft^rr ^nat
d ° si
TOt l I
TO% ^ift fl^ *?fn JTTta ^ftfvrrf TTTIT^T
A
^wto, TOf*r?r Tt^ to 1^81
% fgt ! ?p3t ?fhr*- TOTOrt TO^%
^ m to, #fro ^ itoto fTOT fww
W ^ttto to I I
;
)
?
\
>
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
727
#/§*■
Tiianslation.
352. “ Love, tliis palace furnished with apart-
ments hung with mirrors, with windows decked
in rows of pearls, and with yards adorned with
chondrakantas, fails to please me.
353. “ Look ! The court-yard is made of rubies
and sapphires, the pillars are studded with corals.
It looks like a floweret about to come out.
354. “ Around the house shine gemmed flags,
and it is redolent of the odour of the black ctguru.
355. “ Love ! The chambers are perpetually sick
with the aroma breathed from lotuses ; but the
want of a son fills all round with vacancy.”
cn >6 f^fFs ^
ftapw c*ttf^5 testes
C*tt1w 'STtCSltfFs
fta ! ^farflw
i
^ ^f%<n CTt«r
i «« i
nfawrai i
rfrft I
W* 7T*T ^TWtWT TT5T7W*hrw II ^ j|
qgpcRft^ftt thrift f^jfarr i
wfafaflfaw^faftjrcr ii ^yt'S a
TW^Wt^fat ^TS^fw ^fa^rT I
T^qT^gW^ W II ||
WftWTirtot ^W*T Wtfatf 5 * W TTtfacr I
f%^g<prf%fVn qft?n w h ^ a
H^SWI I
tf ^BT ^W5T |
W WT WT?r ST^ffT wfc *TTT^T
WTWgw ^sfiT ^T5T WTW ^JT^t W3WTW
*$ ^ i ^y<? I
^T^THWTC TW W^W W^RT ff^WT TT^TT *TTfwW
wH ^T ^fair SR IpfiHR wtf^IrT 'Ttffl’ ^*tV, cfi^
wfa% ^w?T WTWwl *T*TW Ttrfl’ I I ^y^3 I
^ f$W *Rl5 *WTOT gW, TW%
■fafairl faft 3RTW ^farf, K5l% «TCR fTWI^t Wtft
are HTtfa<T I I I
6
WTTt fTCW W5RR gwgw wfor w^w
®\
wVfarf, wfg qT%WT TsTWT ^ftf^TrT I I ^<5 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
729
i
J „ — — >
Translation. j
Description of Vaikuniha. j
356. Then Brahma and MaMdeva went to the
residence of Dliarma, and the three then went to
Vaikuntha.
357. Poets fail to describe the beauty of its
high-ways, decked with rubies and sapphires.
358. The palaces were furnished with gemmed
> cupolas, with gemmed staircases, and with ten
thousand millions of apartments.
359. All round the city stood pillars of ver-
\ million -colored rubies.
< ?
! i
j I *><&» |
’t'srat’t '«
vst^tw =n i ^ i
| I wt* i i
^
; f^«T I I
frew i
>. * '
*rf*^?ns qqt^T: i
^irraT^w TOirff^^Tf^rr li 11
| T<qqfeqqfqiq>qqqf*qq: l
7 ?fqi 5 Tt q^nrwtfz^fr \\^\ 11
q^T^rfat qqlqrwr l
, fqf^tqfcfaqqf sqrarT TemqrqT II ^ II
qft<ft tsw^t i
^*wmTTTWT qTfqTfqq qT 11 ^ h
qri qHw qfaT q^i qrtfa?r, T<q^ qqiq
inqiK qs^ qTTt fi^qr qftfarr 1 1 i
q> tfq^ T<q q»Tq fafam, «tt«tt ^rtqj q^jir
qfrq’l TTtq^'qqn ^hc q^nr qftfc «nq
<K Ov Ov
qi^ I k$i l
tfW ^Tfaqr, ^tt qrfa q'qqr *rfa,
^ tr T<q qr^if fafaf q qa?*n?rq» qf^ q>T% ■arff^Trr
q^ qq*TT% qq Twi qqq q^T qqnRTq
Tsq t I ^ l
^ttV rT^q; ^ qf^T qrqqi qqr,
qjq^q TqqqqqsT q*qq qft qq qq q, w¥ qrqqi
q^T^T qqiq q<qqq?q fq^rsmrq TtqT 1 1 ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
731
Translation.
360. The middle of the city was adorned with j
beautiful sapphires. The walls also were adorned j
with jewels.
361. Besides these gems, the city was filled
with every thing that could please the senses. It j
contained five hundred millions of houses set apart j
for the milk-men and other devout people.
362. It contained raised platforms composed of
sapphires, rubies, diamonds and ruchakas (cliryso-
phrases). It blazed in the light of these gems.
363. It contained a court which excelled others
in grandeur ; it was adorned with the very best gems ;
of priceless worth, and furnished with a hundred
temples.
wt-
i i
c®£§f i i
^fn w-
3R:«rre oi wfai
%r i ^ i
f®'® I 'S'b 0 I
Cafe'S <4 Tn
p,^
o — 4
i
*
HsrPT^nlbr I
?rt*T>T*rrwtf^fa: I
TT^*T^tf^lfc«^Tfa*Tfarr I ^8 H
5TT5nf^wf%f%WT^ || ^^||
ff**r* ^twt?t ^hrfarjprgtf i
ft ^ n
TtfnrT Tr<wf^**. 11 n
tT^sWI I
*> -v ^ -v '\«
*srrara ?pr ^ t ^ i
^*T^T <3^T ^T^- ’3jW**?i3i TI'ST’T’^
*4\* ^rf%*RT TTfarT I ^8 I
*TT*TI H^T^T f^WfUT, ^•TRT ^"f^T
, aftf»m > ^ mfz 3p$ I i
f%*T*re *t^t<t ^pti^t tptt *w
x ^
^<rre% ^f<T TOT^TOT ^T^T
1 I
*rt tot^w <rft;tf%<T,
^3$ ^fw ^*njf ^fcfarrc
'afrf^Trl l ^f'Q I
A TREATISE ON GEMS
733
Translation.
Description of Kaildsa
364. Tarnished with a hundred highways made
of gems of excellent lustre, with handsome raised
seats studded with gems :
I
365. Adorned with pictures — furnished with a
thousand millions of rooms and decked with blaz-
ing cupolas of gems ;■ —
366. Was the residence of Mahadeva, which he
saw in the midst of Kaildsa, glorious with a sun-
like lustre.
367. The house was surrounded by a gemmed
wall. It was beautiful to look at. It was furnished
with sixteen doors, and adorned with a hundred
temples.
ft>M fFfsps, <pc , ic>f
f**it*nr
^tOTC<ni l-o^l
Cttf^S I ^ I
'sr^pF i
^«Tt7R<5f |
flfiimraT I
i
l JJ^a I
| * -
ara^siafaTT orakiaafaa; i
< ®\
asjaw^arf a akiw afkaa: I
< £
aifwaiaaiaTfa: a^raiaat^a: || 3^ ||
aiaaa? |W fakapi: a I
;
^^aTafaajfaaRT 2 afaafa?i !l II
l ^
'artf^T«f af^nfaa arwrajaiafi: a^T I
j afamfa: a^naaaTaaalpf t. II ^ 3® II
a^^aTafaatf it ^jk Tnaafea 1
j aa^Taaaassf a%a f^TTTMrf II ^ ||
craaai
at aa ^aw a^aaai aaia, TM^\ fWt
ar^fUi, tchst ¥«r,^ ^it, aki ak an%?rar
aTaT afk afrT aaa aaaaa 35 T aaaT aa%
> ^
^ftfVw 1 1
at aa^ fa^ataT aaa araiz aaa atfaa l^fe. 1
j at aaa aka ak ai%aa aaiat aifaa ak
< ^
akaaa aiaa atfaa I 30° I
faaiaa at aaa aka a< 5 l «Raai aka, afa aasp,
| aasr a^T a?aar 3 »ai ^ftfaa ufta^ai af^a tw
< aa 1 ^?i
fe*
®®x. — „
j
X
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
735
Translation.
368. The temples were studded with nonpareil
gems. They had gemmed staircases,, — gemmed pil-
lars, — gemmed doors. It had brilliant cupolas
decked with diamonds and chains of rubies.
369. The main gate of the place was furnished
with doors of gems.
370. Inside and outside the house stood raised
seats of rubies and emeralds.
371. Himalaya saw within the house a hundred
temples adorned with cupolas of bright jewels.
^^•pf I
| -S'JsS) |
c?rt> ^ ^ « wra
fortfers \ i
t ■'?!
m
736
nftrai^T i
<\ " ]
'fhTmf^^T^ ^WTZ^T f%TTf^Trf II ^ ||
Tft^qqifaqfafqqq i
^ !
^Tw: qftqfqq II ^\Q^ II
|
^TUTTf^^W fqfqq I
)
wqTfaqqqrqqqfqTwrtfq^fqm D ^\sa B
•TRTq^qwH I
o >
'q^T^Ufq ^qfrlf^qT^t q^^T^t I
6 \
qrqtsqtsqqq#^ <^ffcqqiTfqifb ii I'd'i ii
q? ^wi 1 |
qt qq qf^ Xft qi^qi qqyqT, q>f?T, fqqiq
^qq ^ qfai qsqi qrfqq qjqTzqi^i qtfqq i ^1
qrt qq qq qtqfqqiq; qqTq qVrqq qfwqn qror
i )
q^qi gqr, qqjq’t f%^ q*i ’afffqrrr I I
>
qiqr fqqfm> q>fq qfo qTfwq? q>q% qfqq I
qi^T qqq q*3> qftfqq qt qqq> qqq
<t )
qST^ qq I ^98 I j
qT^q^q qqq i j
^TIT^ qi^T qgqiqir ^rqq q7q qfaqii qjq
q»q^ qq^ qq*;q q-srpr qiqqsqiqi ^ifq
q>?;q qq I ^'■a!*. I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
— if
737 ^
Translation.
372. The temples were made of priceless gems.
They were furnished with doors of pearls, glass and
\ diamonds.
873. The rooms were yellow like gorochana;
they contained a thousand gemmed pillars, and had
| staircases of gems.
374. They contained various kinds of pictures.
They were fringed with chains of pearls and rubies.
Description of the City of the Ndgas.
375. The King Chandrangada sank in the waters
of the Jumna, — and as he descended, saw a number
of ndga females.
W ^1, ft’fa
frw itfFs i w i
fwt to to
jtN^hti
i i
I
738
¥ZT WR# I
fq%?nqrT qrqt fsw: q^T^r q*pnqnr.i ^a?
q qfaqiq: q^UT q*pfW«R 7I3 r: I
gr to? qwi^i o y&Q 8
j
^qsg^r^qqqt q%qp*qqtqq |
TOJTiWfWTSpnrav qf^f^rr II ^a* 8
IWf^WOTin^I^Rr^qr I
^Tfar^r^nf rw gwi^rqfqqwq ii ^a<* n
cRsrar i
qq ^rm^Rt qjsm ^^rsst^r mxti q»TO ^tw-
^wresT q^ fq^fq^T ttttt TtqR% qi7rra%
fqq qRT% ^Tqq SCT qfTrft q^ft I II
KT^r^WR qRISfiqrra qrq qT7iq\«fiqT *TT*|qR%
Ti^qii qq* *pq gqar qR?r qq i ^aa i
^■pqfqRqt T^qtfcfi q^Ra qR% shfwr
qqNft qfrwT qirq qR?r wi ^a^ i
'sf
w\ *r ^nnff^ps qqT qr^fqqT qfwqsT
«nnir iTT^rr^ qR% artfqq, q*q f<qq qifnrqiq qq^ft
fq^fr^T qq qtfqqiT qiqrq qrfa «wpi
^■ar ^rw qRq qq I ^a<* >
A TREATISE ON GEMS
739
Translation
376. The fair ones had been sporting ; but as soon
as they saw the king, they took him. to the palace of \
the Ndgas. j
377. Thus led, the monarch entered the wonder- j
ful palace of TakshaJca. \
378. He fell to beholding the building, which |
resembled the palace of Indra. j
379. It was furnished with many stair-cases, made
of cat’s-eyes and corals. The main gate was j
adorned with rubies ; and the house looked beauti-
ful in rows of pearls. '
*r^rl c^r i i
*$%<{ c*r vs\ w*r *rtf^R | |
^ 'e
rRtR 'Q
^\UM ^t 5 Tt«Ttl's Rf% <3*t «fR«|
I ^ |
i
740
ufarorai
1
C\ "
^H^prei^^TOTHTTfa^Tfafr l^ol
^f^rr f^aj ^frrf*i*i^’rtTr*r i
raf^TWt^ n ii
C\ v <&
HtfH<T 5fiT^f^Hf^r5TT5TT^*T^tW^ I
^ 31
^facT ^Rfar^WTT^IW HTT^T«PnP*fa II 3^^ II
Hi fa ^ffal W^fZfffvrfrr : HiT^T^fTT I
T^FT ^^TtT^ s^RI^B II
TTTHi *Tfa^ TfarT, ^
HINT'S: Ht<PRI ’HT^t rF^fi ^ 'f T^T^ ^ffa-
^THTT HvC$ ^rratfti«I 'ffa *W I I
^FT^TWt% ^f^HiT H*!FT HP?% ^ ' \
f?THHft Hfafa ^tFT
^k frFJ €fafa ^®TT«T TOPTOPT
f%f^r?T ^ fafai^H turner *rt i I
ifa *rfa?T% ^tt*t ^\wt^ €ts; ^n»r trH
faf4rl ^fa 'sft^TT FTrfh "sfa sfifa
> ^
^jt^t ^fifzHi *rfir% h?jt 3% f^nkf, *ufa*TT%
*FTT H JPRrSRpr T | ^ I
^n«T ^^TI% sfifa^T
■aft^TT Ttrft *F?t HTtT ^TT?fa 5R><«r% T<H ^
\ -v. -V Sk .
^ t<r ▼ I ^ l
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
741
Translation.
380. The yard was of Chandralcdntas ; the doors
and door-frames were of gold. All round the house
were lighted innumerable lamps.
Description of Jaganndthas Temples, &fc.
381. In it was constructed a raised seat of won-
derful gems, on which was placed a jewelled throne.
382. Some parts ‘of the temple being made of
gold and gems, looked brilliant ; some, being made
of crystal, looked like the autumnal heavens.
383. Some, made of sapphires, appeared like
masses of clouds. Some parts were studded with
gems.
i
l 'Sk'o I
xslwti icn itil
^ Cly ’Kill Utl «W*t-
iti ^ *ttfi iwfi^n fairs i ^ i
c*\\ ifareii c^ti "Sti « itH lew fifasre
ci*t iti 4 ! cwti c^ti
^ti itil faf*^a w-sitri
uti fifrM i i
ci?ti a sti if 4 ! itil faf*^® wi?-
1^ ClltWtfaw ifafWl Cltl w'tew «Ttfat«T, C¥tl (TFtl
^tll ll IW^yTT IWWf's fau^? ^«T'I '©V'® I
id
JTCOT I
j Tfqq qq^i l j
srrefr (cTTfttSiR qqmq'JHTq^ir n B
^Tf%W 1
qqnqiT wWqqqfcfqqqr fqqiqq: il $«Yl H
| ^«RTT f?^*tTT^T: I
( ^ A J
^fq’STqq w qqqq: ii ¥*$ b
TTqqq^Rqwq |
^fjqterqfsrqftwf q^T q fq*;WT qw I
s^r ^
^WT q^l 'arrflWT mKJP qw II II
^rq«3rcwfqq»qT ^iqffqqqqtqm I
• <\ 5
qqfat qV^HTftqiqqqrjiqt ^«Tt'?TT B k^ II
cTCSWT I
% ! qq qftqi fqqTqT q^i toi^t qrqn -
qi^i qW, TeTW ^qw qiq% Tffqg q*Wrc
qq qffaqqq q^ wq-^Tq^T Ijr| q«r% $»W<J5
qq*r <ftW qfqq #t qqq <ffq> qnrtq
qqqq wiq qrciqq qq i ^8 I ^ I i
i )
TTqqq?qq>T q^q qr^q % i
% gw i qiw^q T3^f ^ir, qjqqnr wfa;r,
j qifqqi , sk qn^q qnf^ qftr q»T% ^ifq w^c,
I q^TTW qftfc qfaqii q^IW, ftqfaq qq% ^ ^JW
j fq^^T q^t TTqqq^qqT qi^t qq^q fq^t
| ^ I ^cs\9 | |
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
743
Translation.
384 — 386. 0 Dwijas, the grandfather of all,
Brahma, made Jagannatha sit at the door of
the house, ornamented with gemmed pillars, and
mirrors, with the view of installing him. After
sprinkling him with the sacred waters taken out of
gemmed pitchers, he installed him on a throne of
| “ royal state” — for bringing people.
387 — 388. 0 Yraja, thou art the mine of pre-
cious gems, — thou art ablaze with no end of
diamonds, rubies, Tccmstuvas, &c. ; thou art ten
| millions of yojonas in breadth and long a hundred
times in breadth. — The river Viraja surrounds thee.
i i
fwM!
SRI
C^W!
(RtSR bfC^T <3^3 *R©lH ITfa-
(Mf ^rtf*rs
| Lb-8 | Lb-fi- | Lb-L I
<rfwm*fa i
ufanurai l
Tf*WI
HWTfq irffafs^ |
^ferf ^f%rW*Pf<Wrf^*: ^TfT^f^fVft || ^<s
II II
11 ^ 11
^^^TT^iT’C W *rw i
^R^R3rcf%7r ^refarsrftwr 11 II
^ *s ♦
^ITl’Tf *T^P?t: ^TOTOffl: I
tTK<ft ^f%<i *«r#tTm?3rafar«f n w i
STCSWT i
f?TO TT^r *T^"T W To* ^ Vtfe
TTfaSKT 77^ TTfttfefl % I I
Cr
^ ■jftq^iT To*Wi l^fam, ^T
TSTl^ 'q-q, ^TTT^ e)^ ^T ^farl ^I^TT% Tl^if
^HTff^rT ^K T<?I*i ^NT% sfTfarT '¥ I ^4." |
^ 7? ’f ^*n?r T<?ni wtrniir -art'firrf ^ffc 'StR
£ «\ ^ C\
WW fawfafl TI^T^f ffi^r eftfe ^ ^TT T^*i-
^JT’g SfiT^Tf^rlt I I
▼ ^ ! *ft iftTT^T^oRT TT7J*HJ^W
C
Tff^T^TT, ^*7Tt T%*^ *r*rT*T
^*7^1 TSI SRrsft, <^'3T ^ *b*.
tr^^ir, *rsp*rare«wT ^ti-tt ^fk ^irr
riv* T**!lk ^TT^TT^ ^farl 'ffaft
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
745 *^>
Translation.
1 389. The Rdsa-mandala was surrounded by a \
thousand millions of houses of excellent gems, for ;
the accommodation of the milk-maids.
390. These houses were ablaze with gemmed ;
lamps. They were furnished with floral beds.
i They were sick with the odour of incenses of vari-
ous kinds; they were hung round with garlands
of flowers, and with gemmed mirrors.
39f . In addition to the guards appointed for
the purpose, thirty millions of maids belonging to
Kadh4, decked in gemmed ornaments and clad in ;
beautiful clothes, kept watch and ward over them.
392-393. 0 Vraja, the Rdsa-mandala situated
in the midst of these houses was round ; and \
looked fine like the image of the moon in water.
It was decked in excellent jewels. It measured ten \
yojanas ; it was furnished with sacred pots, filled
with fruits and leaves, and with beautiful chains of j
! diamonds.
^jPTT I
%r i i
(Trt wti ^o,
I I j
STOP! forfFs Vf*t C3tSR
i ^ i i j
I
746
nfumrai i
3=renR i
C\ v
*ra*rranc‘ I
J c\
sqf^rrr B ^<*8 n
wraT^t ii ii
®\
%w ^rfa: |
m ^cafT^ny fafMrlTrlr*^ H ^ II
^f^l^URrfa^T ^ I
firafiltf II ^<*0 II
°\
<TC5THT I
TT^T% 7T^ cfi^T % |
4
’SlffT ^fanOTC ^Rf Sfifa fl^TT,
4
^ nfe* ^wr ^rfc ^ftf?r*
If^TT I ^<*8 I
^r*r^i ef^T^) ^rfa ^tt?i
^ °\ <\
*RT*ft -gT^K VtG I ^«L>i I
^tt^t vm, ^ra^TtsrrfMsrg,
«rawL 1^, Tm vfari ^itomrrc ^wr
v °\ C\
*hj7R | ^ i
*nr^r tstS srt^, ^Ttrigw ^fcprTO
©V v)
TOT *?$ ■aftfVrrr \ ^DQ \
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 747
Translation.
Descriptions, of Badhikas house.
394. 0 sage, the house was very beautiful.
It was circular, measured twenty-four miles, was
furnished with a hundred temples, and blazed
with gems of various kinds.
395. It was made of priceless gems ; it was
enclosed in a fine wall studded with gems.
396. It contained raised seats of gems, and was
furnished with seven doors. It was extremely
handsome, and contained round things of gems.
397. Its doors were made of precious gems,
some of which were yellow, and others, diamonds.
i
I
I «S»8 I
C’rfWtfe 5 ,
(Tff^n:^ ^1% wr^-
I 1
1 1
rwirft *^t i
*fa?r ii li
\3
^ ITT*!^ **^P***f««tf I
4 4
*ffa* t^*t t*4 r* fa*pr **: ll ^e<® II
•j N J
ri^T fH^ffT^^F *R^W *5^T^** I
R^T* r^tw^ fa^ra *** fag: ll go® II
^W *f%f%rf f^o Zf* fasirftgw I
^^^*fa*T***>?R II go ? H
<TR 5 WT I
tri^ir ^V 'ffai %nf^ ri<r *hr: ^*rtI *r*wr
RW'? *FRi ^ftfafcT I ^<oc; |
^TR ^T^R *m ^TT, Rsl WSfil^TRRT, ^fa
^R Tlfw^iT ^?ZIRf t^fFTTIW ^fa fa*WT
gm «ii I
«T«I«nft% *W* 3r?*% |
% ^R! ?re RR^fa *R^i fal* prl^T
*f? R^\ fa* ^TcfaV’JpRR^ ^1*1*%
fafFT^ *TR* *TIrft I goo |
fa*€t fa^Z* fa^TT*, *tT*, ^fa , 3J>**
?rr$ gw, ^r* *farT, ^fa *«rf*R,
^rt fa^i* ^Rfarfafars I g©\ i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
749 <,
Translation.
398. The pillars were of emeralds, diamonds
and other gems.
399. The house was two thousand yards high.
It flamed in jewels. The gods were struck with
the appearance of the mansion.
400. Hearing this strange news from the lips
of Narada, Rudrani asked the permission of her
spouse and went to her father’s place.
401. Thereafter, she ascended a car, wonder-
fully made, beautiful, having auspicious marks,
agreeable to drive in, and furnished with doors on
all sides.
33^® 'Q 3m 3f3l
3tf33t3 C?f33i ^b®7^
I I
^3313 f33t33*l3 I
C3t 3313 3t3TO (TTt
<H1 «I3*1 3>f33l 3 5 ®C3> ®rt3tt3l
TO I 8°° I
^3^3 ftf^iix®, ^f3»
^1% 3Rt^3 m 0 -, Ftf3fifE3
3t3f3f*t3> I 80 I
Description of BhagabaW s Car.
i
ftffW I ««&* I
flfaDHT^T I
750
JT^WI
N
W^Twf«r<rr*T^f ^r^T*wTw?r i 8 ®^ 11
rTCPfiT^fW 5 ? T(W**W*TT?<T I
o\
f^nprJTOih^f ii 8 ®^ ii
n a°8 H
ri^t f%*mwfwci I
ffarroffa*: ii 8®1
<T?5WT »
^*<i ^rt«t ftfafafare* xm*^
c \
SfiTSfi TTtfWT, mfa^T *TT^T*T ^t^Tii iftfHTT,
«TT«TT mx^j W*RT *n*TT% ^W«T I 8®^ I
^5TTrT *ft¥I% ^ft^T 3 TIT, T«l$ TsT’WT
\3
?K^ f^wf^fT, % TTVTI^T
G\ ' \J
3*iT^r I 8 ° ^ I
"ar^TT TTO 3»TT$ 3iT%
S3
ajtfarr, ^T^r ?ftm-
fafare, faff* *rf%^ «rt 3 i 8®8 i
1T3<T^ ^TT$ f^*TI*T, ffR ITT ^TT^ ^
5T^*t OTTC* ¥T5#?ft I 8 ol Jl I
A TREATISE ON GEMS
751
Translation
402. It was brilliant like molten gold, was
decked with good gems, with garlands, and with
canopies bearing rows of pearls.
403. Adorned with gemmed pillars, with dia-
mond stairs, with doors of corals and molten gold.
404. With floral beds, with seats of jewels, with
windows fringed with diamond chains, with spacious
parts, studded with flawless gems.
405. Such was the car which the great goddess
i
ascended with her favorite maids.
'SjTTfxs I 8°^. I
W CTft^s,
I |
«rfc?W
\ zm I 8°4 I
i
f^S I 8°8 I
Wl
0\ s
TTTW'<qqW5T I
rfrai^ T** |
*RT*T *Tf U 8°^ II
Tflf ^TTTf^rT qstfz*4*»TlW I
^wt^qT^fqq: ^f"T^n*rt fqqftfzfa: i j
faTTfanr II S 0 '® II I
qftfz^ror: *raftfa?ii I
vi ]
f^HW**1%fw*2Ttir f%»rfq-^: II 8°^ I
C\ * C\ {
TSI3«fq*rftr#^ T^wtosWfign: I
^ !'
■aftf^Tit f^WTTf^fn: II 8® <5. II
;
f
tcswt \
Tlf^T^ q*qq ^TSfl % I
TTfaqiT WITUft VTT ^«TV
•5^ Vtf^ TTt^cft Wl»BT
^ I 8®f I
^tT*T TW*T qqjir W\ TW ^♦TT^ f?R qftfe
«8TO aftfwr, ^tt^t f^nr™r afrtwr
?Klf Z ^T% **T*I 1RTT ^TTW SfiTrft wft I8®'*l
qfa* qi^ii faftffq ^qi?T qw-
•S ' 6X
%w ^fro w*wt TOUftfim vr^fV I a®^ I
’qqii ^qT T<q% TOT^fTOfi ^q, ^faqiT
qiqTZ q^ff affMT q^fft
**qft I 8°<« I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
753
Translation.
Description of the Rddhikd’s Car.
406. Hearing this, the fair one ascended the
\ car, with, her twenty-one thousand millions of milk-
: maids.
407. The gemmed car was furnished with thirty
millions of cupolas, and with blazing pictures ; — it
looked like the sun.
408. The central part was made of gems ; it
was ornamented with gems like Vermillion, and
| with ten millions of pillars.
409. The gemmed lion, which graced the upper
part of the car, its gemmed doors, and the various
| pictures, added grace to the vehicle.
i i
'Ofrol
I 8°^ I
«rsi m 1 8 °o i
3J%t<d frffas ^Brt%T I 8°b-|
<Rf& w frapi^ jtfn C*tt^1
i 8«a> i
jrw i
* v
qq^qTTqfqqirqRqqfqqqcr I
■afrf^Trf TWqTqqZTfepT* II 8*° II
qftqf qq%q qqfqrri I
#Tf»N qqi: qTO^T |
fW^HWtoT^ qtqiqqtfefqqq ii Si\ II
^qnT^Tnrt STcR^T fqqfq<T I
fqqfqq II 8?^ II
'qjqq^qqqbr l
q'tTq^qiqqr^T qg’ f^qqf^fa: I \
vn<T q^^TfZfT II 8^ II
CITSWTI
*" /
?
(»
qq^qssqq qfaq qqjq q?qqT q^qi g^qtqq-
q}T%qtfqq *TT«TT q^TT^T TfljqiT RT^T
qiT% qftfqq ttqq qrfq Tt<?t qq^ l g*° i
/
qrore qqi^ qf^ ^x% ^w, ¥t w qjqqrqt,
qfV^r, qqqi, tot qm qfc q qR qqiq
qfqq*TW q<T% qfeq qftfe faqjt qq^ t I 8 H I
Twq>T ww qft qfT^r qaw qh |
fq^T tqft, fqqT ^ ^qrq q-^q^f q^i qftftm
qrlcft qq*t I 8 ^ I \
qiqqq q^q qrfq% I
q^RTqq qfrrq qqR ^TR> q*TTq>T qf^ q^ii
qftfqq, qq^: qqpfit qftfqq, 'fKiif
q»qi7 qR% qqi I 9\k I
410. The top was adorned with cupolas made
of gems ; its interior, with gemmed beds and with
various articles of gems.
411. The car had ten millions of stair-cases
made of Syamantaka, Kaustuva, lluchakas (Chry-
sophrases), Sparsamani, and other gems, colored
like Tcumkuma. It was furnished with emerald
raised seats.
412. The other parts of the car were orna-
mented with gemmed mirrors, and other articles
never seen or heard of.
The Car of Chyahana.
413. Parts of this were made of emeralds ; — its
raised seats were of coral ; — the spaces in front of
the doors were furnished with terraces of coral ; — the
doors were of diamonds.
^rtf^r 1 8> i
cwtm, w, •TTtsr
C*tt& OTlfffa f^tfsps %T I 8^ |
Wft Wftl spsp
vg I 8*^. I
iWfa I
ft3WPt fe 5 ! f fa-
s 756
%*Tf WCfqfeiq I
^qwqnBTCPTTO l^f^frT^ 11 8^8 B
qg fqfqqqqiq: WTT%w<ftT^: |
\ \3
«?hc ftwT*i15R5«n^T n s^y n
wfqq^ ^Tnj-^rft Tqqurq I
I qqf%qFn^ qq -siraf^sm^ tw i
mq^ q qq^T qqqT^ft II 8 II
II 87 0 II
<■
{ \
i i
< v
<T*.5TJTT I
'
% qqiftq ! qq qiTq 7ft«T% qfeq,
fanned qq*: qtirm qiqqT qj^% ^w, qftTsft qqiq^
fqqq qi^rr qfc ^Tfwqi qfq q*;q Tfqq fqfqq
^T^qi% ^T^Tf^rr, 5RT^TT q*q» qtfaq fft^W^T qTJT,
q^ *;qqt qq*: qq~t I 8^8 I 8?1 1
f^qiq ^T^ftqT *:qqi qqq qiqq q I
< <
qq qqqq fqqt qT^W^ *^t qft qqqinr^ ^T^q,
qtqqq q^T^i, ^qj qqur qi*:i qqr, q^?q *:wt qrfqq,
^qqr *g*qi q^q fqqfqq *qrqT, qknq *fto-
qiq *:q ^qt qq^ 1 87^ I 8?^ I
A TREATISE OK GEMS.
757
Translation.
414-415. O timid creature, after bathing in this
lake, ascend this car, whose sapphire top is adorned
with golden cupolas, which has a curious canopy
decked with emeralds and rubies, and whose gate is
adorned with chains of gems.
The car of a Certain righteous man.
416-417. The wife of the Brahmin in the mean-
time saw a car descending from the aerial regions.
It was made of gold, was furnished with gemmed
mirrors, and with gemmed pillars ; — it blazed with
gems. I
i
>
! <4^ sot wrtwjw
I 8^8 I 8 5ft I
<£ft. Kiftffcffs £(#13 4ft fwR
s
*It^OTFN 8V& I 8 I
758
I
Ov "
Ttfil I
ipft^ 5RT^^ I
?<?* I
fwwx^ f%^TT^ f^ir^ *f^ftm H 8*«
*r*rjn 5 5W 5 fmT^: g«ssrif^t: i
«Sfrft *nrf?T wK I
amaTTTWTOSif ^nri^w^sjRnf II 8^<* n
cRJSfflT
^ W^i *T*13BT*R ’STT^T 3TSrT ^ I
\J
% K*tJI ! fft^KT ^■ F fT«T IT^hw *>nrcfiT
qpre f^«rfiRf anjrw
arra ^T'n^r^Ti ^ct ^f%?r qiai€t
^T^rw *sxt I 8^ I
TI^TT^ tSWT I
WWW %ari^t
Pf ??i1%qD, TTTffT afo ^<T ait^nsin - ^o£f *anr
^rtf5r?i aj*r^T*r<s TT^TT^t 3i^
I 3U I
5 *
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
759
Translation.
Instructions of the sage, Vatsayana, to Satrughna.
418. O Satrughna, on your fine body, like that
of Kandarpa, wear golden amulets ; — and on your
head, decked in gems, a turban studded with dark-
ness destroying diamonds. \
$
<
Description of king Sumada.
419. Satrughna, accompanied with his ministers
and forces, saw the valorous king, Sumada, dressed
in excellent pearls, rubies and other ornaments.
I
1
:
I
<
t
.
■
\
i
»t3FC^f <£Tf% ^tVITfeR I
5nr*t%^ I 8>S> |
>
s
)
>
i
j \
i \
: * "
iTOfTO I
sfi*u: T&n ^r^w^rfam: I
7T«ftqf^*U^3T ^WTfirf*fiTC*G ^ || g^® II
qtZff# Tcrf?r THHT^nTC |
VJ
im m ^rerre^Tsrr wfa fwfq^Tfa ^ I
*n&TWlfW fTTCTfw 7TWfWr»T^Tf5I ^ II 8^ II
shtotw* , ews *r*V^*r I
tfa *T**T TT’fWr II 8^ I!
(Tr5WI
TT*nt^^ *TTrf%
^g^rfrr qr?ir^ I
» >
/
^TWlft 'STWTtt ^Tf^T TM% VTCW 5fiT%
Vf^fl Itm** ^ ^TTT
sffe SfiTfft *T*ft I 8^® I
T.\m ^IT* f?W^t ^3iT
si ■>>
qrs?r ^ l
% *T*TCPT ! ’J’RT'T ^fH^t ^TTTW fw
^ <
W^T TW, <37^ **f «TtffT,
*HTT, T^TT^T qi ^qiT
I 8^ I 8^ I |
Translation.
Instructions issued by Bharata on the return
of Rdmchandra.
420. Let thousands of thousands of fair girls,
decked in jewels and mounted on elephants, shower
' barbaric pearls,’ before Ramchandra’s path.
The sons of king , PushJcala, to their father.
421-422. O great king, bestow on Ramchandra
gems resembling the sun, elephant-begot pure
pearls, a hundred thousand corals and other pre-
cious things.
I
I 8^.° I
<rfsrl i
<FJ, *t'©
sflct^u w^rf®
tffa ^?R I 8^ I 8*A i
\ i
f * ^
fqrRRTR^Tff ^'irqwi^^r^ff I
Twwi^nvwwT^’ f%^qs^fa^tf*R II 8^5 h
fafa^faWTRSf ^ffRTT^ 5 ? |
rRT^TT f ^T ?^T Tfil^T^Tf^fWff II 8^8 II
TRSTtWcT qiR^q* *?^T<T *rf?WR yr: I
*RRT q^TT TR W II 8^<i II
qisIffoR f%*r rrrw^t i
*rfa*uf!IWWfiT ^ I
*n?fcw’ tjR"TW ctto II 8 ^ 11
TjRqiRT *#hc^iTWt TOIRRiIr ^ I
^ski qft^TRT I
f'f ’f S ^RRR ^rTTsTW It 8 ^ II
? ;
{ cT? 5fKT I
q^T ^cRT q^ 3R^ % I
^fsRI^ TRTT <3S5R ^Tt^I qw% ^f^fT,
TerWTW, ^gRTSTT, fafaw *tf«R qftfarT, flfq^
j f^R^Rf, *tfrt% ^T^TT^ ^TTTIT^f^ftT^, SRIi 7R5R)
^5RR *T*R qR^TSTT, ^WTrr, ^RT
^SsRT tlf TT^^Rnr *&?;% ^TfferrT ?r«fni
*n?t »R I 8^1 I 8^8 I 8^ I
qRTqtifi SR# fCTTOqW ^RRR ^ f{ i |
f%*TRR ^T^sft ^1 ^7Rrft<fiT SR ^W?f *R
SRqiT *Tlf^ TM ^T "TT^sT q\
SRtfz^W^i *Tt^T, ^TT «rRT Tf^R* qTRT =#RT,
^TT ^TTH q?qr q?J!R, ^R qiiw *ftf?f qffa ^RTR
*rf% *raroi ^Rq - *r i 8^1 8*o 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
Translation,
763
Description of Rdmchandra’s Ashvamedha.
423-425. ,The noble king, seeing the horse hav-
ing white hairs, decked in golden leaves, gems,
gammed chains, curious saddles, reins consisting
of chains of pearls, having a speed like that of
thought, beautiful, well-begot, went to Satrughna
on foot, dressed in regal garments.
Coming of the Him&laya on the Ceremony
of Parvati.
426-427. Taking with him loads of jewels neces-
sary for the ceremony, a million of kine, ten
millions of mohars, four hundred thousands
ruchahas, (chrysoprases), four hundred thousands of
“ philosopher’s stones,” four hundred thousands of
pearls, four hundred thousands of diamonds, and a
thousand Jcaustuvas, Him&laya came to the ceremony
of his daughter Parvati.
*rr?t
(Tf%1
I 8^3 I 8^8 I 8\d I
wt?rt ^
((Rt^O, Ftf% ^ Fifl flw, Ftf^
Ffflf W W'l ?[^2FR*[FF
I 8^ I 8^ I
i
HfJWT^TT I
764
JHJW I
0\ s
firat ^ T7W tTT^fTt qTJRT^T^ |
TO*nfinwvktf 11 II
f’TWT ^tT^ ^TT«F I
TpTlfSmff WfWI T 5 ^! II 8^- II
^tarafrCTPinra t<u^t*t i
*nfw# Tfcq* rfwi i
Wf^TJJf 'ajSR# ^R ^ft II 8^0 II
crrsim i
WFTifriT
^T«T w I ;
qx4(^ qf?% ^WSRT tTTW*
*ftfa, ^T, fqm#t feq 'wt^T^T
i
’wrc fNrr tqrc% w qffc t®rf
*n*IW^ wft I 8^ I 8^<® i
ism** Rk tq^T
*\ )
TW ^T*T Sfi’frT ^ I
t*Pft Ttfa, *ftf?T, Wf, ^ifa^i, ^T
q*fa ^T?T^ qf%<* zmx wt I 8^° I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
765
Translation.
Bestowal of alms by Bhagavati at the Upanayana*
428-429. First, Parvati gladly blessed Krishna,
with pearls, rubies, diamonds and diamond chains,
given to her by her father, in a gemmed vessel ; next,
she bestowed white flowers and durva grass.
Bestowal of gems by Vasudeva and Devoid for
diamonds and fire-proof white clothes, to Nanda.
| I 8 ^> I 8 ^ |
s[pi, ^i, 's
«3F ^ ffa*R I 8^9° I
of Krishna.
the welfare of Krishna.
430. Devaki bestowed gems, pearls, gold, rubies,
llftw I
* Investiture with the sacred thread.
766
nftwrai i
JTSOT l
f m^TT sretwi w w* I
*rfcr irra n Ski "
3*rf *ft f^nst ^ F^WTO%?nr i
SfTSITOl* ’rfw W* ^rTnmT II Sk\ II
cn^rwvj^- ii 8^ ii
tWT^t ^ff^TW I
<ft *finrWT I
f%f^Tf% ^ ^5lTf% ^ft I 8^8 II
% tfSwrc ! fwT graft rannir *rg-
*1* 'fT'fT ^rfw ’sffc X<n ^TT^i =fiT% F^7rwit
wft I 8^? I
*?k ^w)- ft ^ft ^frarara
^ *T zm rak m^nnratt ftfsr, rarfSirraf, fkr,
^rara fkTg ^ *T3?7r iranra \j5r
^raTO^il 8M I 8^ l
»whw *rar$ $«raro*$t mr% i
*TT«T<ft
^1%^ ^T«T^X7ff ffai^ sJT^Pmi%i
^?T TW FT* <jrw wir I 8^8 1
<TC5WII
Translation.
431. 0 best of sages, the widow Kunti, in ac-
cordance with the wishes of Vasudeva, acquired
various kinds of gems, and went to her home with
her sons.
432-433. Vasudeva and Devaki distributed to
Brahmins and others, pearls, rubies, diamonds,
luscious sweetmeats, &c., to call their blessings on
their son.
Bestowal of Gems by the gods on the occasion of the
birth of Ganesa.
434. Hara and Parvati came out and distributed
various gems to Brahmins, for their blessings on
their son.
1 soi i
^t5RtH
^ 'Q qfaiWE* ^0*1, ftW,
4Tx Vfa 18^1 8^1
TOrtwrt’faw crofted
I 8^8 I
e\
^gn^Tfw^TTWlf5T 3JTfa ^ II 8H II
^RTfa ^ ^RTfa WTfw *[Wfa ^ I
tfhclwnrTfSr ^ l
sTT^mt ^ fc^affc n 83^ II
Trwr^f: t&ft ?irw ^ l
in^RT ^HJRt ■StT^Tf^T ^ II 83^ n
«fapTRT^ SRTk ^ I
*nfTORt ^w^rk tsihtw ■ar?rrf*f ^ l
*mik *trwrt ^nsk^RTW *TTC3 is k*l
cf^STOT I
s f%?TT"f5T sTT^TTTO W ^CT ^k ^TTf^I^i
\ ^Rlf5[ ^f«3T «lrR '3 tT t T T(3 ^?, <T<T *T ^3W«6T <^TH
| 35^ I 8H 1
fgtJS *kR3? sTT^PRW TO *1*1
| ^T^'fT, *fk ^k
\ ^fq - ^ «f^<T *kT5KT ^<3 3R W*xf ** 18^1
% «*t^ 3 ! Tra^nr, q^? i **k
| wv stt^ttto wfc tcs <rarc, ^k’sns
^rss, *kten§ 3k^, sSkfero *k t, *tto viftm,
sfki^qi ^rq- T«i, sik^^i ^r ^«K?r
| TO I 83^ I 83* I
435. Himalaya distributed to the Brahmins ten
millions of diamonds, pearls, rubies, &c.
436. Vishnu was glad, and gave to Brahmins
clothes, ornaments, and, amongst other things,
gems derived from the ocean of milk.
437-438. O N&rada, Gandarvas, Mountains, and
the goddesses distributed to Brahmins a thousand
t£ philosopher’s stones,” a hundred chrysoprases,
as many Kaustuvas, as many diamonds, a thousand
rubies, a hundred other gems, and a hundred
Gandha-sasyas.
i
3 $ wt^r 1 8^4
R^fTI ?R? nR ^>lTOR I 8^ I
c<|<K
R*RRR <4Ts*t^f°RJ^ *Ri*RT
TfR ^f?TC*R I 80^ I 8S* I
. .-1
I
, !
v W
HI
i
C\ "•
^ f^Wf^Twf ^re^rrftr ^i%?ttii shi
^rTT^lW Wfa TpRTTffa ^^HTfI s I
iminDWt^ fHT II 8 8® II
^TWXT?T$ ^T«TT I
traH^WCU* f? fWH |
fa*£*r ¥IT *«J^rT*rifirfa;^fi II 88^ II
^TTfw^^^W faxifarf |
fZ
XTZ ^*5?rft 0 8 8^ II
«TC5IKT I |
/
%W*j;! ^ sn^-
^T tfW*3T3i OTHTOb V£«T*l,
trraT ^ *rfat ^ssr*: ^t^t?: tm |
STCrft ^ I 8^<e I 8 8® I
^5T<TT7TlT3iT ^T^T Sfiwt |
^T^<fi ^pf, *T^T ^fK
*nm*r, to trot ^*r» ^f?nre fjT^^r, *r^x#
froTO ^ffa w'sn# ^rif%sfi ssfa tKt
"aftf^r<T k *& *rfw qrci inr, ^rf% ?roH
K% TOPTT ITT *IW*%T
«RT I 88^ I 88*> I
Translation.
439-440. O Brahmin, the goddess Lakshmi was
delighted, and bestowed on Brahmins a hundred
chandrakantas, as many suryakdntas, a thousand
I emeralds, and ten thousand gems whiter than
kaustuva.
Bestowal of gems on Ganesa by the gods.
441-442. Sarasvati bestowed on Ganesa a chain
made of gems, rare in the three worlds, flawless,
and more brilliant than the sun. Eubies, dia-
monds, kaustuvas and other excellent gems graced
the chain.
I 'sripTW I
<4 |^n
I 8«a» I 88° I
c*?ft w v 9
*rcWe
CWft, C^W»-
toH * 88^ I 885> I
t — 4
772
^7WTfa ^ TfffTft ?JT ^TTttt ^ 0 8 8^ II
®V.
^<IT5g-^^Tf5T f t?/g |
?:wf^fTO?f 'STsfft ^57^ ?TfWf?pt II 888 II
^Tf%WWT^lt f t?!^ fififtZ^ I
Wtft |
^tftlPTOfaitf^nT ^nc II 88y II
?T?T?n q^fcII^N f%f%^TTf*T ^ |
%9
^7^ ^ II 8 8 f II
cR5WT I
?TTft??t ^ 7<# ,WR frT=Tt *ft^T
7JK ^ ?R?*7 *W 3k r^ ^[3iT?:3iT T^^iT
t/ft *Nft I 88^ I
ft?: T*h w Tt^?:% ^ft?*?^ ^r^r tm,
^ftwm^r ^ ?Ri7^r *rfro tt f^
t;a ?it I 88 8 1
^*r *nft«nrr ^t^tt, ft?: gfz, ?r?m t«bt
WTfIT ^ ^fST^r ?T% ^frf ^tT?T
t?w Tin?! ??rft ^t^t toph% ?rt ^ret ^t tt
^188^1
tti ^ 7 cit?tw, ^ftTrw,
W-WRT sfm Sfffit ^T^TSRiT^iT ?ftg 3 i tw
?lt I 88^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
773
Translation.
443. The goddess Savittri bestowed a chain
three worlds, and other ornaments.
444. Kuvera was glad, and bestowed a hundred
priceless gems ; Indra, a throne of gems ; and the
Sun, a pair of gemmed ear-rings.
445. The Moon, a chain of rubies ; Kuvera, a
diadem ; Yaruna, an umbrella of gems and two pairs
of bangles studded with excellent gems, begotten
in the ocean of sweet-milk.
446. Thereafter other gods and goddesses, sages
and mountains, began to bestow jewels.
Yfa W 'SRTftJ ^T% JWfF * 1 nR ^f*t*R I 88« I
mi I^r i 888 i
W W 4 ! <Tr
Stftfr Tfsp T>tft TfR 18841
WfaJ GR*M> CWtfR*!, 'Q
TO TO 188^1
made of the very best gems to be found in the
*t$*r<&* mpi w <rr
774
^BTf^RTfwN: I
f^^TTn^fSrft %v: srh t
TOTORT SRTf^ll 88a II
^RSTlfafal^ W ^fhrfw^ro I
^anwnnr^t wrrr i ^t II 88^ ii
*^*R*f%<T«nRTfiT Tjffa ^ I
?j?^w ^SHTT^TT^ fl# ^ ^T II 88 *. II
ft^ftTRtstsft **WT IRT fa^RJRT ^T I
PWl TpTRRT ^ffaT^T TOgRTt II 8Y[® II
A.
cRSTOT I
^RW 3R?T |
^TiTq-T^^Tl? 'FfaR% ir*f-
’gw ^T*I*RT ^tR <R t^RW
I 88a I
^ 3R% ^Rfwm, TOftTOT uftj^-,
^tR TTO sr^T ^ir f^^T ^faiN
TO *R I 88^ I
f?T^Rt ’ftir frR^T ^f?f ^fr ^5rt *rrt ^^?r-
irare w, 4Vqj*r *rf%, *r*rt *rk ^ <^r sjR^
WT I 88(8 |
tfR?:% ^ ^?pr |
Cl ^
fa^TRT, ^T, JRT, foglQPUT, *R^RT,
'^TRRTT VN: ^SIT ^Tf^ I 8^® I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
775
Translation.
The Installation of KdrtiJca.
447. Then the father of the universe, Vishnu,
gladly raised Kartikeya to the gemmed throne,
at an auspicious moment.
448. He sprinkled on Kartikeya the waters of all
the sacred spots, contained in a hundred gemmed
vessels.
449. He then gave him excellent ornaments of
jewels, the Kaustuva gem, a garland of wild
flowers, and the discus.
The Birth of V aishydnara (Tire).
450. Tillottam&, Urvasi, Eamhha, Prabha, Vi-
dyutprabM, Sumangala, Suvalapa, Susila, &c.,
’FftxitfraCT I 88*11
vi<ri 1 88b- 1
^ 188^1
hp&tera ^nt w I
wl, w?rl,
'« 1 84° i
^^•pf i
l
^TccfT ^^rli I
^^Tl^T^fTI^ITfff ^ II 8^ II
f%^T*r§rg fqpcprrerwT srm: I
^marnwrai ^nw^fw*?: ll 8<< 8 II
TT^f^TOwt ^Tf%*i: I
^rf%cr jftrr TT^W^qw: 0 8^ 0
-* /
fa^RT qm, ^T) q»^ft ^V’c *s#^r,
^T^r? w> q^R, **n> *tft,
wrsr, ?tNt qRqir *rm> ^ft ^ q^q j
*ft<jT3iT q^f qi^ qftw ^iq*R *ft«T 'WTW
^ *rqqK% 7lt^r ^RT^rff M$t I 8*? I 8<JU 1 8^ I
fq^ra^TTW, fq^d^TO ^ 'flWR |
w\ w^ar =f ^qqrcqi ar^R q^q q*q
rtm ^Tq<rt *reft I 8**8 1 \
Ti^TimqiT ^TTRWqiT q?K q^qwqn ^if^
v3 > f
^Tqq#f rit^T quqqrcqr qjfq
^TT^T ^r^T isyL^LI \
q*5TOt I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
777
Translation.
451 — 453. Joyfully came there with golden
vessels in their hands, containing pearls, rubies,
the Yakya mud ( a mixture of camphor, aguru,
kasturi, and the fruit kakkola), diamonds, cat’s-
| eyes, lamps, turmeric and other pastes, emeralds,
conches, oysters, curds, rubies, corals, kumkuma,
zircons, topazes, sapphires and garlands of excellent
< flowers.
454. Celestial girls, — Icinnaris , — and thousands
\ of other females came there, — came with other
j things necessary for the ceremony, waving chowris.
455. Gandarbba, Naga , and laughing Yakhya
women came there and began to sing exquisitely.
*W?Rt5T <a^*i
I 84> I 84^ I 840 |
fasdffrM (£iTs
^ ^[?rl Ft 5 !! ^rsR
1848 I
FW 'Q ^>1 TtM-
^f?To ^ft*T
i I 844 |
^Ttf I
ftfslo '3 Wt*T ) ftW,
#K torn a^j, wo, *w,
778
nfilFd^T I
*T*WI
r\ > *
TTfaqiT^qqqM I
^ T^fT^PTfafTT I
^I^rWK^fWT TOrTOCT ’TTT II 8^ ||
TcT ^T^KT^TT ^^I^Tfsrvf^ffr I
1 *TT t^** » 8^ a
nqif qfa i
STT5TttT -jftTZTT ¥^>sf% TT*T^t I
^^?ftl%fi: a 81* i
Tcref^mv^T T^fqqqT 8i<* ii
^ Os>
?rr 5i w
TTTOT ^q^iT qrs?r % I
TT^T ^ qtT^f^ T<qqiT f^^T. Tfi^T *rqw, T?rq>T
WT^TT* X®Wf TTT» ^ ^ ^Tlf^ ^ WtR WTW T,
*q$ <ft^TT% q*nq qT^qtzi> TTT
^TW TWqiT fw^r VX f*<?t *nftl8lf ISytVQl
^3P*PFT Tlf^T «RT ^ % I
^Tr% ’snqq gq^T ^T^T'q*^ q^q; %w,
TciqiT ^qr^rc ^f*w Tlmi m*r^qw xmm
^qt ^HTf%a q^TT^T q*itJ qu^r^t
qr^qiT wrq’C w*<ft *rqt ^q«T ^qrfrc q>qqi
qq<ft qnfsriqiqT qfr^ft^TT xtw qqi
qql I 81* I 8l<® I
a
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
779
Translation,
Description of Rddhd’s Beauty.
456-457. EMM always wore gemmed orna-
ments, such as pendants, chains, necklaces, — and
sat on a throne of sapphires.
458-459. I have seen that, being decked in floral
chains, painted in sandal-paste, and ornamented
in jewels, you sat on a bed of vernal flowers with
a girl, named Santi, who wore gemmed orna-
ments, in the Rdsa-mandala of the gemmed palace,
lighted with lamps of gems.
3tfwi wri iwtwfo srcrafart,
^<n
fwt : Sr I 8(tb I 8<n l
CW «2tt% jtfkwR ^ I
wf**r<3 tWi
i<rlt *rtf%
I 84b- I 8 (to i
Rddhikd to Krishna.
I
u — 4
780
frwn
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^ilhref *nir^q qfarwfcni II 8f' ° n
^om^fangrR ^fk%w qftsgii i
q?T ^ T^ ratifftd |
»R*n^PRf 33T*r ^TORplfiRf 9 8^ II
qTqqtq^qqW^T I
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| ^r?ft^ *T»rsf ^T*rtfar^iT*r n 8$ ^ ll
S Cs C\
| qw^ywTO' Ttw^^r i
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STtfafT, q*TFr TW q*: ^1^, ST^TC^T ^tf%cT
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qur^^qqiT ^qqw?r % i
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WW q^TT^W, Tef^T f%WR7 ; ’qk TfjJcfiT qiWT TO*
fwfifll, aftfaw, xm qRqi aftfarl
^ °' % v
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W\Z qq» ^T^qT^qi'iT tWfft qq^ I 8f * I 8f ^ I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
781
Translation.
The Beauty of Krishna.
460-461. After finishing her prayers, Bhagahati
fixed her thoughts on Krishna, and saw him clad in
a halo, — mounted on a car made of gems, — orna-
mented with diamonds, decked in chains of precious
stones, — on a car of wonderful beauty. The fas-
cinating god was decked in floral garlands and
gemmed ornaments.
Description of Bdmana.
462-463. After this, Durga saw before her a dwarf
who was a Brahmin boy, refulgent like countless
suns, — decked in gemmed bangles and amulets, —
in chains of precious stones, — in gemmed anklets, —
in a diadem of bright gems, — in gemmed ear-rings.
'snpthr i
^5*1 ftW Will
’sSTfs^HRlPt I 8^° | 8^ I
( m ^ i
aft c^t# «2M-
?n?c^?r v< 3 wn f%fw>
wfttfl; «rf%
c<rfat*ra 1 8-b^, i i
C\ ^
^^rafinr* *rft ^ ii 8 fy, 11
fifaffiT TWf «J<^ ^PtfafT, *r^:^}"T
^tT*T ^T^T fT^ ’3jtf^r<T» ^TR ^I«r%
^CtR 'J?! TOT sftftfT,
lpgq*T* ^tR *eR ^«TRT *T%R 'jftf^fl,
*?*ft fTOTTO SRTRiT ^f»^s
m f*rf%% 'fJcR SfiTt
3 Rl 8^8 I 8 fyi I
cI^WTI
WT iftffR sftfWT, ^fa*t 3T5R ?^m
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
783
Translation
Beauty of Viraja,
464-465. Seeing the beautiful Viraja, whose ears
were decked in ear-rings, whose breast was orna-
mented with chaste flowers and pearl chains, whose
nose was graced with an elephant-begotten pearl,
whose arms were ornamented with gemmed
bangles and beautiful conches, whose buttocks
sounded the JdnJcinis, who wore gemmed anklets, —
Krishna was in ecstasies, and he fell to embracing
and kissing the damsel incessantly.
vfvfa
^t^TT 'Q ^rtfwt'4
fortfw, sswi ^
f§?^ } PfWfaF Grf^rl
cefal ^ Vtfl wfe *rtf*PR 'S ^f?[FS
I 8^8 I 8^4 /
'Sf^TtTf I
SACRED JEWELS.
SACRED JEWELS.
Ancient and Modern Jewelry.
a |3N all countries, gems, set or unset, were dedi-
jj cated to the gods. Mention of jewels has
been frequently made in the Bible. The
breast-plate of Aaron, the High Priest, was adorned
with twelve stones. Epiphanius says that when the
Jewish High Priest entered the sanctum sanctotum
on the three great occasions (the Pascha, Pentecost
and the Eeast of Tabernacles), he wore, suspended
over the breast-plate, the “ Urim and Thummim,”
which he (Epiphanius) translated by the word
“ Declaration,” because the Adamas of a cerulian
color (by which our Sapphire is meant), of which
it consisted, declared, by change of color, the
pleasure or displeasure of Jehovah towards his
people. The breast -plate was named by the
Greeks, the “Oracle of Judgment.” It was in
the form of a span, 8 inches square, and had the
stones set thereon in four rows, in the following
order : —
1st JBow.-^Sardius, red; Topazius, yellowish
green ; Smaragdus, bright green.
2nd Bow. — Carbunculus, red ; Sapphirus, blue ;
Jaspis, green.
2>rd Row. — Ligurius (Lyncurium), yellow ; Ach-
ates, black and white ; Amethystus, purple.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
785
4<th Row . — Chrysolithus, yellow ; Onyx, blue and
j black ; Beryllus, pale green, or pale blue.
The names of the twelve tribes of Israel were
engraved, each on a separate stone, in the national
character (by which, perhaps, the “chaldee” is
meant), with the object of securing divine protec-
| tion. This breast-plate was taken over to Rome,
along with the other spoils of the temple, by
Emperor Titus, and was there deposited in the
Temple of Peace. According to some, all the
spoils were sent off by Genseric to Carthage,
when Rome was sacked, and were said to have
been drowned with the ship that carried them
away. Others say, that these were taken back from
Carthage, (where they had been really sent), and
deposited by Justinian in the sacristry of St.
Sophia ; but, seized with the fear of having com-
I mitted sacrilege, he sent them off to the Christian
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. The
story continues, that when the Holy City was taken
by Chrosroes II of Persia (in 615), he took the
breast-plate away to his own country, where, there
is reason for thinking, it may still be found buried
in some of the treasuries of the old capitals. In
his vision of “the Holy City, New Jerusalem, com-
ing down from God out of Heaven, prepared as a
bride adorned for her husband,” St. John des-
cribes her walls as built out of twelve courses of
precious stones. The arrangement was as fol-
lows : —
786
SACRED JEWELS.
1, Jaspis, dark green. 2, Sapphirus, blue. 3,
Chalcedon, a greenish blue sort of Emerald. 4,
Smaragdus, bright green. 5, Sardonyx, red and
white. 6, Sardius, bright red. 7, Chrysolite,
golden-yellow. 8, Beryl, bluish green. 9, Topaz-
ius, yellowish green. 10, Chrysoprasus, apple-
green. 11, Hyacinthus, blue. 12, Amethyst,
violet or purple.
i Certain stones have been dedicated to the deities
by engraving their figures upon them. Eor exam-
ple, the splendid pyramidal Amethyst, in the Bes-
borough cabinet, has been thus consecrated to Sera-
pis ; a nicolo of an extraordinary size was dedicated
to J uno. Pompey consecrated to Jupiter the rarest
minerals found in the treasury ; Ceesar dedicated six
caskets of his selected rings to Venus ; and Marcel-
lus gave another to the goddess of Peace ; Livia
Augusta dedicated in the Capitol, the largest block
of crystal ever seen. The custom of dedicating also
obtained in the Middle Ages.
Gems are in use from time immemorial. It is
mentioned in the Talmud that Noah had no other
light in the Ark than that which was produced by
the precious stones he had by him. Abraham, it
is said, being jealous of his many wives, confined
I them in an iron prison, whose walls were so high
as to exclude all light of the sky ; and in order to
supply them with light, he placed with them a
i large bowl studded with precious stones, which
| illumined the whole place. The grandeur of the
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
%©
787 ^
feast of Cleopatra is perhaps unparalleled in ancient
history. The banquetting hall in which Ceesar was
seen “ columns of porphyry, ivory porticos,
pavements of Onyx, thresh-liolds of tortoise-shell,
in each spot of which an Emerald was set, furniture
inlaid with yellow Jasper, couches studded with !
gems.” Csesar himself was the possessor of splen-
did jewels. The cedar ships built by Caligula had
their sterns inlaid with precious stones. Incitatus,
his favorite horse, wore a collar of Pearls. The
golden house of Nero had pannels made of mother-o’- j
pearl, enriched with gold and costly gems. At the
great games instituted by him, among other
things, Pearls and precious stones were daily
thrown away to the people, as lottery -prizes. Lollia
Paulina, the wife of Caligula, was known to have
dressed herself, on the occasion of a supper of >
ordinary betrothals, with jewelry to the value
of £336,000 sterling. A pin that had belonged to
the Empress Sabina was found in the ruins of
Pompeii and Herculaneum, and is now to be seen
in the Museum of Naples. Sabina, the younger,
possessed a pair of garters, which, on account of
the rich cameo clasps, was estimated at £10,000.
A relic of the 12th century is still to be found in
England. It is the grace-cup of Thomas-a-Becket.
The cup is of ivory, with mountings of silver, the
upper and lower parts being studded with gems.
The inscription round the cup is “ Vinum tuum
feasted struck his admiration. Everywhere were
v — 4
SACRED JEWELS.
788
bibe cum gandio,” i.e., “ Drink thy cup with joy
but round the lid, is the restraining injunction,
“ Sobru estote,” with the initials T. B., interwoven
with the mitre. Eleonora of Provence, the wife
of Henry III, (13th century), possessed a vast
amount of jewelry. “ The coronation present given
\ her by her sister, Queen Margaret of France, was
a large silver peacock, whose train was set with \
Sapphires and Pearls, and other precious stones j
wrought with silver. This elegant piece of jewelry
was used as a reservoir for sweet waters, which
< .
; were forced out of its beak into a basin of silver <
C >
< chased.” The Spaniards and Italians of the 14th
)
< and 15th centuries were famous for their extrava-
1 gance in apparel, loaded with gold and gems. From
France, the major portion of the jewels worn >
until the death of Maria Theresa of Austria, that
brilliants came to be the fashion. The scarf, or
Spanish mantilla, worn by Catherine of Arragon,
5 at her wedding, had a border of gold, Pearls and
precious stones. When Henry VIII met his bride,
Anne of Cleve, he was dressed in a coat of purple,
studded all over with Diamonds, Pearls, Rubies, &c.
< The dress of the bride was “ a gown of rich cloth of
< gold, embroidered very thickly with great flowers
\ of large Orient pearls.” The dress of Queen Mary,
when she was married to Philip of Spain, was a
robe brocaded on a gold ground, and had a long
the time of Francis I to that of Louis XIII of
consisted of Pearls and colored gems. It was not
train bordered with Pearls and Diamonds. She
> also wore on her breast the celebrated Diamond,
which she had received as a present from her
husband. The rich white satin dress, which \
Elizabeth wore at a tournament given on the 29th
December 1554, was set all over with large Pearls. :
The jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots, were many
> and splendid. The appeals she made from her :
captivity to Elizabeth for the restoration of her
i jewelry, which had been taken unjust possession
of by the rapacious Queen, possess a melancholy j
historical interest. “ The great H. of Diamonds and •
Rubies particularly demanded by Mary, was an or- i
nament for the breast in that form, called ‘ The
Great Harry,’ having been given by Henry YII
to his daughter Margaret, on her marriage to !
> James IY, as part of her rich bridal outfit, so that j
it really formed no part of the crown jewels of j
Scotland, but was Mary’s private property ; she had
\ a peculiar value for this Tudor heir-loom.” The
passion for gems and jewels raged high in Prance,
| during the reigns of Henry IY, Louis XIII, and \
Louis XIV. England kept pace with France in
the extravagance, during the reign of Elizabeth,
James I and Charles I. The fashion of wearing \
jewels in the hat was at this period adopted :
throughout Europe. The history of gems would \
\ not be complete without the story of the Diamond ;
| necklace, a short account of which is given below.
In 1774, Louis XY ordered the Court jewellers to
fc.
C** 790
SACltED JEWELS.
collect the best specimens of Diamonds, and to pre-
pare a necklace therewith, for presentation to his
favorite Madame du Barry. But before the neck-
lace was complete, the unfortunate King breathed
his last. But the jeweller finished the necklace,
(valuing it at £72,000 sterling), in the hope of
selling it to Louis XVI. The new King refused
to purchase it, saying that a ship was more neces-
sary than a necklace. Consequently, the jewelry
remained in the hands of the makers till events
came to pass in which the Queen Maria Antoi-
nette, Louis, Prince Cardinal of Ilohan and one
Madame Lamotte were involved. Struggling for
a long time for the bare necessities of life, Jeanne
de St. Bemy, daughter of Chevalier Baron de St.
Bemy of the blood royal of Valois, managed at
last to marry a noble man of the name of
Lamotte, and came up with her husband to Paris,
where she procured an interview with the Cardinal
and flung herself on his protection. But his
Eminence little knew the viper he was nourish-
ing in his breast. Madame Lamotte was an ad-
venturess of the boldest stamp. Taking advan-
tage of the confidence placed upon her when she
was informed by the Cardinal of the displeasure
he had incurred of the Queen, when he was re-
quested to introduce her to Her Majesty, she
devised a plan, the denoument of which was the
sensation of whole Europe at the time. She imposed
on the credulity of the Cardinal by mentioning to
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
791
him the steps she had been taking to restore him to
the favor of the Queen ; had forged letters addressed
to him, as coming from Her Majesty ; had forged
orders given to him, commanding certain money
payments, on behalf of the Queen ; had procured for
him an interview with the Queen, who was persona-
ted by a friend of the Madame ; and at last made
him negociate for the Diamond necklace, on behalf
of Her Majesty, who wanted to have the transac-
tion kept a profound secret, and who wished the
Cardinal, by a power forged in Her name, to arrange
for the payment of the money by certain in-
stalments. Of course, the Queen was in supreme
ignorance of the audacious way in which her name
was being used, and the Cardinal, in his blind
eagerness to regain royal favor, never suspected the
tricks that were being played with him. The
necklace was in the meantime taken away to
London, yhere it was sold by pieces, the money
obtained by the sale being deposited in the Bank of
England under a false name. The time for the
payment of the first instalment came, but Madame
contrived to ward off the payment, by offering a small
sum on account, and gained a month’s time, in order
to make her security doubly sure. But the clever
part she played throughout was soon to be brought
to light. The jewellers complained of the delay in
payment to the Queen Herself, who expresed Her
genuine surprise at all that had happened. The Car-
dinal was arrested and put into the Bastile ; so were
Madame and her confederates. The Cardinal was,
s '
however, found innocent and let off, and subsequent-
ly exiled. Madame Lamotte was sentenced to be
flogged, branded on both shoulders and imprisoned
with life. When the first part of the sentence was
| carried out, she made the basest calumnies against
the Queen and the Minister. Her husband, when.
I condemned for conspiracy, threatened to publish a >
i pamphlet wherein the character of the Queen
| and the Minister would be revealed. It is strange
| that Her Majesty, whose moral character was above
| the breath of scandal, should have ordered the
j release of Madame after ten months and allowed
I her to escape to England, where a large sum of |
money was sent to purchase the silence of the
clever pair. But this bribe was, in a manner, re-
I fused ; for, though the Memoir of Madame Lamotte j
was burnt, a second copy was soon after published.
Copies of this scandalous Memoir were, it is said,
found in the Palace of Versailles, and taken posses-
sion of by the Republican Government and are
now to be found in the State Library of Paris.
This unfortunate affair, in the reign of Louis XIV,
0 <
put a damper on the taste for jewelry which had so
| far increased during the preceding reigns. The Re-
| volution of 1789 stamped out the last vestiges of j
| the passion for precious stones. The time of the
I Directoire was characterized by the revival of the
Greek and Roman fashions with regard to dress,
| manners, arts, and fashions. With the Restoration,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Diamonds, which had been superseded by Pearls,
became the fashion ; and all the lost forms of using
precious stones, came hack to use. Prance truly
boasts of elegance and taste as displayed in the
which other nations have found it impossible to
attain. A list of jewelry belonging to a rich noble-
man, taken in 1828, shows that the art belonged to
the eclectic school, i. <?., the fashion was not copied
from any period hut borrowed from every age and
country.
Among the many ornaments used by the
ancients and brought down to the present times.
: may be mentioned the rings, ear-rings, bracelets, \
chains, necklaces, brooches, clasps, diadems, girdles,
hair-pins, aigrettes, &c. The Mexicans, Peruvians,
and the Oriental nations have delighted in
boring their nose, cheek, and chin for hanging j
| jewels thereon. The ladies of Bagdad, according \
to Tavernier, wore a collar of jewels round the
face, as well as nose-jewels. The Arab women put
in the cartilage of the nose a ring, so large as to
encircle the mouth, and to prove no obstacle to the
passing of food into it. The Indian courtesans bore
their nostril and wear in it a ring set with precious
stone. The women of Lars and Ormuz pierce the
upper portion of their nose, the bone itself, and pass
through the hole a hook that fastens a sheet of \
gold shaped to cover the nose, and enriched with
It u hies, Emeralds and Turkoises. The princes and
collection and making of jewelry, to a degree
794 -
SACRED JEWELS.
princesses of the Maliomedan blood royal, use, as
the badge of their position, two poniards at their
I belt. The daughter of the Duke of Alba, one of
| the maids of honor to the Queen of Spain, always
carried a pistol fastened to her side, of finely
polished steel and ready for execution.
The collar, chain, and necklace are of a highly
classical origin and had been extensively used
by the Medes, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hebrews,
Greeks and Romans. Gold collars were given
by the ancient Romans to their auxiliary troop s
and to strangers, as rewards for military prowess ;
silver ones, to the citizens. But subsequently,
the metal used was in accordance with the nature
| of the position or deeds of the fortunate re-
cipient. The golden collar in use among the Gauls
and the Romans was an insignia of knighthood.
Collars are even now used for the same purpose, the
chains to which the different Orders are hung, being
called the collars of the Order ; for instance, the
collar of the Holy Ghost, of St. Michael, &c. The
chain was regarded in the East as a badge of
I honor, and an insignia of authority given by the
king. Joseph was invested with this honor by
Pharaoh, and Daniel by Belshazzar. In Persia, no
man could wear a chain unless he was in office and
unless it was bestowed by the king. In the reign of
Muirheanhoin, the Irish gentlemen only wore a
chain of gold round their neck, by command of the
king. The corps of Edward the Confessor on being
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
795
opened in the reign of James II, was found to have
under one of the shoulder-hones, among various
other things, a gold chain, 24 inches in length.
century. As items of feminine ornaments, the
chain and the necklace were used even in the
most remote ages. The wealthy Roman ladies used
chains (of gold or silver) round their waists and
came into fashion, in France, in the time of Charles
VIII, when he presented one of his Diamonds to his
Mistress Agnes Sorrel. The Satin-stone necklace
was profusely worn at the time of the Restora-
\ tion. The Pearl necklace of the present Queen
\ of Prussia and Empress of Germany is a thing
of great interest, and will be more so, if pre- \
\ served unbroken. On the first anniversary of her
\ birth-day, after her marrige, she received the \
| present of a magnificent Pearl from her royal lius-
\ band ; and since that time she continues receiving
a similar Pearl on the same occasion. The Pearls
so collected have enabled her at the present time
to get a necklace formed that encircles her bosom
and falls down to the waist. According to a custom
coming down from time immemorial, the bride
of the Emperor of France is presented by the City
of Paris with the gift of precious stones. A neck-
lace, consisting of splendid Diamonds, had been ac-
cordingly prepared for the Empress Eugenie, but ;
Noblemen were in the habit of wearing heavy gold
chains, in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th
throats; the poorer ones, of copper. Necklaces
w — 4
796
SACRED JEWELS.
\
l <
< ;
the people were greatly disappointed, when She
expressed a wish that She preferred to the gift an
educational institution for poor girls of the Fau-
bourg St. Antoine. This building called the Maison
Eugdnie-Napoleon, was formally opened on the
1st January 1857. The custom of wearing a
; cross, of gold or set with gems, can be traced hack
to the 16th century. The fashion was revived in
\ the 18 th century. Clasps were formerly used by
the Military men, to fasten their mantle with, hut
the fashion was generally taken to in the 3rd and
4th centuries, when the use of the toga was dis-
continued. The Roman women wore gold chains,
j collars, necklaces, bracelets, ear-rings, rings,
I diadems, fillets, clasps, hair-pins and ankle-
| bands. <
<< . ;
The Greeks, Romans and Jews used the girdle.
j In the Middle Ages, the bankrupts had to surrender
their girdles in open court, as the signal for their
| insolvency, the belt in those days serving the same
purpose as the pocket or purse does in the present
time. In those days, a knight was considered a
traitor, if he was publicly divested of his belt. There
was once in Paris a duty, levied on the people every
three years, known as the Queen’s girdle, which
was required for meeting the household expenses
of Her Majesty. Caliph Motavakel instituted, in
the Hejira year 235, the Christian’s girdle, to be
| worn by all Christians throughout the East. The
Diamond girdle of Dona Isabel II, Queen of Spain, >
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
warded off the thrust of the dagger with which
an assassin intended to stab her.
5
The crown was considered in the most ancient
times more as a badge of divinity than of royalty.
The first mention of it in the Bible is in the Book of ;
Samuel, when the Amalekites brought Saul’s crown <
to David. The first diadems, worn only to re- <
present temporal power, were, perhaps, narrow
fillets, tied round the temples. Crowns were next ;
; # <
used as signals of victory, joy, sorrow, &c. In j
these cases, they were made of branches of trees \
and of flowers. In Home, the Magistrates sat, ;
on public occasions, crowned with diadems of olive
or myrtle. P. Claudius Pulcher, the Roman Con-
sul, introduced, according to Pliny, the custom ;
of gilding the circlet of the crown. Pinally, the
gold crown came into use. Among the military
crowns, the mural, civic and naval crowns were j
made of gold. The triumphal crowns, originally
of laurel, were finally transformed to gold. Heleo-
gabalus was the first to use Pearls in the fillet
round his temple. About the 10th century, kings,
dukes, earls, &c., wore a crown or golden circlet.
The celebrated iron crown of Lombardy is, in fact,
one of pure gold. Its narrow iron circlet is said to
have been formed out of the nails with which
Christ was crucified. This is put inside the
crown. Theodelinda, upon her marriage with
Agilulph, Duke of Turin, presented her hus-
band with this crown, which is still worn by
SACKED JEWELS.
ft
all kings of Italy. It was kept near Milan, in
the treasury of the monastery of Monza. The first
crown worn by a Frankish king was the one sent
to Clovis by the Emperor Anastatius, together with
the diploma of Consul. This crown was made of
gold and studded with precious stones. The crowns
of the ancient Mexican kings were in the shape
of a mitre of gold. Three specimens of the
Roman art are still in existence, which deserve
mention, not on account of their excellence in
workmanship, but for their rarity and for the histori-
\ cal interest they possess.
(1) The eight crowns which some labourers
digging a place near Toledo came across in
j 1858. They were set in gold and studded with
| gems, the value being computed at £2,000. They
j are now to be seen in the Musee de Cluny, Paris.
Of these the most important is the crown of king
Receswinthus (653), a broad circle of fine gold,
j 8 inches in diameter, and set with 30 extraordi-
nary Pearls, interspersed with as many fine Sap-
| pliires. There is a magnificent Latin cross, set with
| 8 Pearls as big as cherries, attached to it. The
second crown, said to have belonged to his Queen,
is set with Emerald, Sapphires, Opals, Pearls and
Crystals, &c. The other six were coronets set with
\ inferior stones.
(2) The crown of Charlemagne. Charlemagne
was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo on
the 25th December, 800. His crown was, perhaps,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
799
manufactured in Home ; and its workmanship
bears evidence of* the Byzantine style. It is octago-
nal in shape, formed by 8 plagues of gold with
round tops, each alternate plague bearing the
figure of a saint in enamel. Above all is a Greek
cross set with large stones. When Charlemagne
was canonized in 1166 by Frederic Barbarossa,
his crown was taken out of the grave. It is now
to be seen in the Imperial Library of Vienna.
(3) The crown of Hungary. It is a relic
of the regular Byzantine art, and is formed by
a broad flat band of fine gold, from which springs an
arch supporting a cross. Four portraits in enamel
are set in the springing of the arches which close
the top of the crown. There is also a medallion
of Christ attached to it. Queen Elizabeth of Hun-
gary pledged this crown with the Emperor Frederic
IV, and the deed by which it was executed, enu-
merated the number of stones it contained — 53
Sapphires, 50 Eubies, one Emerald, and 320 Pearls.
Its present whereabouts are unknown.
Ear-rings played an important part in the jewelry
of the ancients. With the Hebrews, the name signi-
fied “ roundness,” and their use was confined to the
women. The Illiad mentions Juno as adorned with
pendants in the ear. The Athenians considered bor-
ing the ears of men a sign of nobility ; the Hebrews
and Phoenicians and Arabs, the symbol of slavery.
With the Arabians the expression, “ to have a ring
in one’s ear,” means “ becoming a slave.” The
SACRED JEWELS.
(
(
ancient ear-rings of Egyptians, as seen in the sculp-
| tares, were of a circular form. Persons of high
rank sometimes used ear-rings shaped like asps,
made of gold, and set with stones. Silver ear-rings
have been found in Thebes. It is said that when
Eve was banished from Paradise, she had, as a sign
| of slavery, her ears bored. Expensive Pearl-ear-
rings were worn by the Roman ladies. Those of the
Empress Poppsea were worth three million francs ;
those of Caesar’s wife, six millions. The Grecian
children wore ear-rings on the right ear only. In
India, this ornament is used by both the sexes. The
title of the Emperor of Astracan is, among other
things, “ Possessor of the white Elephant and the
two ear-rings.” In South America, the Incas wore
the ear-rings as badges of knighthood. Keys were
at one time used as ear-ornaments in England,
where also ear-rings were used even in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth. Shakspeare had his ears bored
and ornamented with them. The pictures of Henry
II and III of France and their attendants show
I that they were extensively used in those periods.
Sailors and other people of the lower class in the
Continent are still in the habit of using ear-rings.
; Speaking etymologically, the ornament worn on
the arm is called a bracelet (Latin brachiale), but
it generally signifies any circlet worn on the wrists ;
that on the arm above the elbow, is known as
the armlet. In the Eastern countries, the former
| is worn by women, the latter by men, and is there
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
801
; considered as a token, of royalty. Both are
ornaments of the highest antiquity. The bracelet
was worn by Judah, who was the head of a tribe;
the kings of Persia presented it to all ambassadors
from foreign courts. The Egyptian kings, as well
as the Egyptian women, wore armlets. Bracelets
were used in Greece much later than rings. Men-
tion is made of them in several places in the Bible.
Among the Romans, they were considered as marks
of honor, and when made of brass or iron, as sym-
bols of slavery. But they were on no account
worn by unmarried females, not at least before they
were betrothed. The Sabine warriors, according: to
Titus Livy, wore them on their left arms. In the
Pompeii was found the body of a lady having two
bracelets on one arm. In Pliny’s time, the men were
in the habit of using bracelets of gold. The Emperor
Maximilian (the successor of Alexander Severus),
who was 8 feet and 1 inch in height, used his wife’s
bracelet as a thumb-ring. The bracelets worn by
j the Roman women were sometimes shaped in
the form of a serpent, or in that of a rope, or round
braid, serpents’ heads representing the two ends.
They were also used by men as rewards for military
prowess. The Gauls used heavy gold armlets and
bracelets. Among British kings, the emblems of
authority wore gold bands, worn on the neck, arms
\ and knees. King Edgar was mentioned in the
\ Saxon Chronicle (965) as the bestower of heroes,
| i.e., the re warder of valor. The Norwegians, Gauls,
SACRED JEWELS.
F* 80 :i
<
<
<
Celts and Saxons also considered the ornaments
as the reward of bravery. These were also used
hy the Normans and hy the savages of Oceania.
These were used in the 13 th century to be offered to
the deity. The ancient Mexican and Peruvian kings
possessed a good number of them. The best speci-
mens of armlets of the present day are to he met
with in the regalia of the Persian kings. The
celebrated Koli-i-noor was once used by Hunjeet
< Sing in an armlet.
Of all the ornaments used, rings appear to be
the oldest. They have, in some country or other,
been meant to symbolize faith, friendship, com-
mand, rank, honor, slavery, &c., &c. The Bible
makes mention of rings in several passages.
"When Pharaoh made over the government of
Egypt to Joseph, he gave him his ring, taken off
! his finger, as a mark of the command he vested
in him. Among the Hebrews, the finger-rings
were primarily used as stamps of genuineness of ;
letters and documents. So with the Babylonians.
Being used for this purpose, they were called
tabaoth, which signifies “ to imprint and also
to seal.” They were usually worn on the little-
finger of the right hand. From Babylon, the
} fashion was adopted by the Medes and Persians, and
| therefrom it was transmitted to the Greeks and
\ Homans. The Greeks called this ornament by a
| name which denotes finger; the Homans, from
j the word ungula, i.c., nails, — it being used by them,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
OUO
t
4
>
<
i
primarily, on the first joint of the finger and near
the nails. In the Egyptian gallery, in the British
others, with the figures of Serapis, Isis and
llorus. All the mythological gods of the Hindus
are described as wearing rings. The manner of \
wearing this ornament varies with each nation. \
The Hebrews put it on the right hand ; the Greeks,
on the fourth finger of the left hand ; the Gauls
and Britons, on the third finger of that hand ; the
ltomans, on the left hand. The Asiatics, Peru-
vians and Mexicans wear it, not only on their fingers,
but on their toes. Even some savage tribes in Asia,
Africa and America put it on their nostrils, cheeks
and chin. It is supposed that Tar quin the Elder first
made the ring the insignia of knighthood and
the reward of heroes. Then it was made of iron.
Long after, the senators used the gold ring, which
Avas never allowed to be worn, unless it was the gift
of the State, and then only on public occasions, the
iron one being used at home. The Annulus Sponsali-
um is a Hebrew institution, adopted by the Romans.
At the conclusion of the betrothal feast, the bride-
groom had to place, as a pledge, a ring on the
fourth finger of his intended, — the fourth finger
being preferred, from a supposition that a nerve
of that finger had a direct communication with
the heart. In the days of Pliny, this ring was made
of iron, set with a loadstone, which signifk
force of attraction which drew the bride
Museum, is to be seen a gold ring, among many
SACKED JEWELS.
J
804
of her own family towards another. The gold ring
came into fashion a little more than a century later.
In the Homan year 775, the right of wearing the
ring was granted by law to those who, as well
as their fathers and grandfathers, possessed landed
property to the value of £3,360 sterling, and who
had the privilege of sitting on the 14 rows of seats
in the theatres. Claudius introduced the engraving
of the effigy of the sovereign on the gold ring,
the use of which was confined to certain persons.
Vespasian put an end to all restrictions, and gave
general permission to all the subjects to use rings
with the image of their Emperor. The drawing
out of rings from the finger meant a token of
bargain. Temporary exchanges of rings were con-
sidered as vouchers of the fulfilment of engage-
ments, obligatory on both parties. A ring was
originally worn on the fore-finger ; a second was
then used in the fourth ; a third one, on the third ;
and finally, on the thumb and all other fingers,
except the middle one. The one placed on the
little finger was the costliest, and never used for
sealing purposes. Smaller rings were sometimes
put on the second joint of the fingers. Sometimes
three rings were placed on the little finger. The
Greeks changed their rings weekly. Winter and
summer rings were in use in the old days. Rings
for the latter season were made of the Sardonyx.
Carnelian, Rock-crystal and Hyacinth, on account of
their light weight and supposed cooling properties.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
805
Those for the former were formed of the heavier
stones. Rings, weighing sometimes two ounces,
: were made use of by the ancient pugilists, wherewith
to deal mortal blows on their enemies. Heliogabalus
! never used the same ring twice. Charmed rings were
believed in and extensively worn by the Greeks, Ro-
mans and the Northern nations. Dr. Herklots, in a
work called “ The Customs of the Mussulmans of
India,” gives the following formula, for the making
of a ring, wherby princes may become obedient to
to our wishes : — “ Should any one desire to make
princes and grandees subject and obedient to his
will, he must have a silver ring made with a small
square tablet fixed upon it, upon which is to be en-
! graved the number that the letters composing the
\ ism represent, which in this case is 2 - 613. This
number by itself, or added to that of its two demons,
286 and 112, and its genius, T811, amounting in
all to 4'822, must be formed into a magic square,
of the solacee or robciee kind, and engraved upon.
When the ring is thus finished, he is for a week
j to place it before him, and daily, in the morning
; and evening, to repeat the ism five thousand times,
j and blow on it. When the whole is concluded, he
j is to wear the ring on the little finger of the right
| hand.”
The seal ring has been in use from time immemo-
; rial. Alexander used to seal the letters he de-
spatched to Europe with his own seal ; those to
Asia, with that of Darius. Csesar had on his seal
i
—
(r* 806
ring the image of Venus ; Pollio, that of Alexander ;
: and Pompey, that of a frog. Prom the 4tli
| century the ring has been considered as a symbol
of clerical dignity. The episcopal ring should be
| made of gold, set with some rich stone, generally
an Amethyst. Bishops were formerly buried with
< rings. They used the ring on the fore-finger of
I the right hand ; now it has been removed to the
| fourth finger during the performance of the holy
I rites. But the bishops of the Greek Church wear
; no ring, this insignia being reserved for archbishops.
In the Church of Borne, it is used by the bishops,
< archbishops and cardinals. The right was afterwards
extended to abbots. The Pope has two seals. One,
! a large ring, is the special seal, and known as the
\ Annulus Fiscal or is, which means that it bears the
effigy of St. Peter drawing his nets. It is used
as well for the apostolic briefs as for private letters
written by the Pope himself or with his sanction.
| The other has the head of St. Peter on the right, and
| that of St. Paul on the left, and a cross between
i the two. On the reverse, is the Pope’s name, ac-
l companied sometimes with his arms. Bed wax
I is used for sealing briefs, and lead, for bulls. Each
| seal is broken up after the demise of the Pope, and
< a new one presented by the city of Borne to his
\ successor. The ring betokens investiture of some
j one with royal powers. The coronation ring of the
j English kings is made of plain gold, with a large
j violet table Buby, on which is engraved a plain
SACRED JEWELS.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
807
cross, or that of St. George. That of the Queen's
is also made of gold, with a large Ruby, and sur-
rounded with sixteen small brilliants. The Chris-
tian church has adopted the classic custom of using
the Annulus Sponsalium on the occasion of betro-
thals. Among the Armenians, the betrothal cere-
mony of children (which takes place very early
in the life of the couple), is performed by the
mother of the bridegroom who presents the bride
with a ring on behalf of her son. The gemmed
ring is of French and recent origin. “ It is com-
posed of twin or double hoops, which, though
each is twisted, fit so exactly one into the other,
that, when united, they form but one circlet.
Each hoop is usually surmounted by a hand
raised somewhat above the circle, and, when the
hoops are brought together, each hand clasps its
fellow. One hoop was sometimes of gold, and the
other of silver ; they were then divided, one being
worn by the lover, and the other by his mistress.”
The fashion of wearing mourning rings is an old
one. Rings were, in days of yore, given away to
the attendants on the day of marriage. The word
bagues, rings, in French, in some cases, indicated,
baggage, personal effects. The French expression
une bague au doigt, “ a ring on the finger,” means
a sinecure. With the Arabs, the phrase <c to put on
a ring” signifies “ to get married.” Thumb-rings
were worn in England in Chaucer’s time. In the
reign of Elizabeth, aldermen wore a plain, broad
808
SACRED JEWELS.
gold ring upon their thumbs. Orators and war-
riors of old have been known to make use of rings
as receptacles for deadly poisons. Rings have, in
all countries, been extensively used as- souvenirs,
passports, and tokens of recognition. They played
an important part in the life of Queens Mary and
Elizabeth. During Mary’s reign, a criminal
was saved from the very scaffold by means of the
Queen’s ring found with him. Elizabeth had sent
to Mary a Diamond-ring as a pledge of her friend-
ship and promise of assistance. But this stone
sent hack from the prison to the giver, as a remin-
der of former pledges, brought no good to the
unfortunate Queen of Scots. A similar present
to Essex was thrown by him from the tower to
a hoy, who was to have taken it back to the Queen
giving it to the right party, handed it over, by an
unfortunate mistake, to her sister, who happened to
be the wife of the Earl of Nottingham, the worst
enemy of the condemned. The intentional appro-
priation of this souvenir by the wrong party tended
only to cause irritation in the Queen’s mind at
what appeared to her the obstinacy and pride of j
Essex in not asking her pardon. The consequence
was, she had to sign his death warrant. When
the she-demon, the Countess of Nottingham, ex-
| plained, on her death-bed, all the circumstances
to the Queen, she is known to have shaken the
; dying woman violently and exclaimed — “ God
through a lady friend. But this hoy, instead of
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
809
may forgive you, I never will.” The event told
so much on her constitution, that the Queen
died shortly after. Sacontola, after suffering a
world of miseries and insults from her hus-
band, was at last recognized by him, when he
found out the ring, which he had presented her
on the occasion of his marriage, and which she
had so unfortunatly lost. Passages abound in
Shakespeare as to the use of rings as tokens and as
ornaments on which were devices, mottos, and
what were then called posies . These posy-rings
have now come back to use. Tavernier records
that the Persian jewellers never made gold rings,
as their religion forbids the use of any article of
gold during prayers. In the reign of Henry III
of Prance, three rings were worn on the left hand,
— one on the second finger, one on the third and
one on the fourth. The Turkish and Cingalese
women wore rings as well on the fingers as on their
toes. Many Eastern nations use them on their toes
— some on account of their supposed medicinal vir-
tues. The King of Burmah wears on each toe a
ring set with precious stones. During the Direc-
toire in France, the ladies revived the classical
custom of walking in the gardens with unstocking-
ed feet and sandals, thereby displaying their
jewelled toes to great advantage. Gold rings, set
with precious stones, were worn over their ankles
by a certain class of women in Home, who, on ac-
count of their affected independence of approved
8io
SACKED JEWELS.
fashions, were termed Libertince. Rings have been
made ingenious receptacles of affectionate souve-
nirs, toys, hair, portraits and watches. An amusing
instance is known of a ring containing a syringe,
by which a lady threw out a jet of water against
the face of a Russian ambassador. The chin,
cheeks and nostrils have also lent themselves for
the use of rings. Now-a-days, the use of rings on
particular fingers serves as a matrimonial baro-
meter, and indicates the state of the love-mar-
ket. “ If a gentleman wants a wife, he wears a
ring on the first finger of the left hand ; if he be
engaged, he wears it on the second finger ; if mar-
ried, on the third ; and on the fourth, if he never
intends to be married. When a lady is not en-
gaged, she wears a hoop or Diamond on her first
finger ; if engaged, on her second ; if married, on
her third ; and on the fourth, if she intends to die
a maid. As no rules are given for widows, it is
presumed that the ornamenting of the right hand
and the little finger of the left is exclusively their
prerogative.”
The Properties of Precious Stones,
MINERALOGY is that science which makes us
acquainted with the unorganized portions
of the earth ; while Zoology and Botany give us
the knowledge of the organized parts, namely,
animals and plants. By the term organized are
meant those objects which consist of several dif-
ferent parts, all varying with one another in regard
to their structure, position and functions, but so
constituted that if you take away one, the body to
which it belongs would be destroyed or at least
rendered incomplete. For instance, if you take
away the stomach or muscles from animals, or
the root from plants, their existence would be well-
nigh impossible. By unorganized substances are
meant those things which, if broken asunder, will
represent, in one bit, the very same properties as in
another. Under this head come the Minerals.
They are characterized by four distinct properties,
viz., external, optical, electrical and chemical. The
first may be subdivided into six parts ; — form,
hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, color and weight.
Besides the regular or crystalline form, (which is
to be found in a variety of shapes), some Miner-
als, which do not crystallize, take definite forms
externally. The surface of some, for instance.
812
APPENDICES.
I
consists of portions of spheres of different dimen-
sions ; when these are small, the mass is called
botryoidal, from the Greek word botrus, a cluster
of grapes, which, when closely pressed together, it ;
somewhat resembles. When the globular surfaces
are of larger dimensions, it is then called rncmil-
lated, (Lat. mamma, the breast) ; as the clialce- \
dony. The nodules of iron pyrites, which show a
surface like that, hut on a smaller scale, are known
as reniform, (from Lat. ren, a kidney). Those
substances which crystallize display their regular
structure, when broken ; but those which do not
yield to cleavage, break into indeterminate bits —
the forms of the fragments being determined by
\ the texture of the Minerals. The best example :
of the conchoidal fracture is to be found in the
breaking of a large flint pebble. In other sub-
stances, which are less hard and compact, the
fracture will be even or earthy.
The term hardness, as applied to Minerals and \
precious stones, does not signify “ difficulty of
breakage,” but the resistance they offer to the
mechanical pressure of another ; — their liability or
non-liability to scratch. It is different from tena-
city which signifies their power of resisting a blow.
The Diamond — the hardest substance known — and
next to it the Sapphire, are so brittle that the blow
of a hammer can easily break them into pieces ;
but other stones, which are soft, and can therefore
be easily cut or scratched, offer great resistance to
blow. The degree of tenacity depends upon the
elasticity and structure of the stones. The follow-
ing is the scale of hardness, devised by the German
Mineralogist, Moh, who has, it will be seen, taken
ten different substances as standards of the various
degrees, under which all minerals should come —
the last being the hardest body known.
1 — Talc. 2 — Rock salt. 3 — Calcspar. 4 — Fluor-
spar. 5 — Apatite. 6 — Felspar. 7 — Quartz. 8 —
Topaz. 9 — Sapphire. 10 — Diamond.
The degree of polish being regulated by the
degree of hardness, Diamond is susceptible of
receiving and retaining the best polish. It is this
property in the stones that has preserved them
from the ravages of time and has 'enabled us to
come across jewels, handed down from generation
to generation, even from the catacombs of Egypt
and the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The lustre which precious stones possess is
known by a variety of names, classed by the Mine-
ralogists under the following designations : —
Adamantine — Showing the brilliance of the Dia-
mond.
Vitreous — Resembling the surface of glass.
Resinous — Shining as if rubbed with an oily
substance.
Pearly — Showing the lustre of the Pearl as often
observed on the bases of prismatic
crystals.
Silky — Having a fibrous reflection similar to silk.
.• " i •«
i
iftsBjfc.
APPENDICES.
814
The names of the different degrees of brilliance
are, — splendent, — the highest degree, (almost exclu-
sively applied to Diamond), brilliant, shining, glis-
tening or glimmering. There are some soft Miner-
als, which become lustrous when scratched by a
sharp point.
Many stones are gifted with the power of trans-
mitting light. The different degrees of Diapha-
; neity are classed as follows : —
Transparent — When objects can be distinctly
< seen through a stone.
Limpid — When it is colorless.
Semi-transparent. — When indistinct outlines of
j objects are seen through it.
Translucent — When light only is transmitted,
i but objects are not seen through.
Semi-translucent — When translucent at the edges.
Opaque — When no light is transmitted.
The opacity is sometimes the effect of intermix-
ture with foreign substances, or of decomposition,
< loss of water, &c.
The color is, no doubt, one of the external pro-
perties of Minerals or precious stones, though it is
the effect of chemical composition. Color is an
i important consideration in the identification and
valuation of gems. In some Minerals, the color is
essential to them, as in the Sulphurets, Oxides, &c. ;
in others, it is the result of intermixture of
substances in species which are originally colorless ;
as in the marble or jasper, in which the various
shades of red and yellow are due to the presence
j of the oxide and pyrous-oxide of iron. In some
gems the color becomes so intense, in its variety, as
j to be often called by another name, when seen in
I a mass. To describe the true color of a Mineral,
j we should therefore specify that hue to which it
) would turn when reduced to powder. Such inter -
< mixtures of coloring matter as are merely media-
| nical render a Mineral more or less opaque ; as
| the varieties of chalcedony — red and yellow jasper
| are highly translucent, or sometimes semi-trans-
i parent, though they are colored by particles of
I oxide of iron which are themselves opaque. But
| such colors as are the effect of chemical combina-
| tion never affect the transparency of gems ; for
\ instance, the violet tint of Amethyst, which is
! due to the minute particles of the oxide of Manga-
| nese, and Quartz ; and the green of the Emerald,
| caused by the presence of oxide of chrome. The
variety of the shades of color is attributed to
S the variable quantity of coloring matter in the
Minerals ; as blood-red, flesh-red, chestnut-brown,
i sky-blue, &c. Accidental colors produce streaks
| and clouded forms, such as are seen in Agates.
Sometimes, they take the shape of leaves and moss,
or veins, as in the Marble. There are other colors
\ which are neither inherent in stones nor produced
by combination ; for instance, the sulphuret of anti-
; mony, which displays on its surface a brilliant
tarnish in which the colors of the prism are
816
APPENDICES.
Slfi
arranged in order. Prismatic colors are sometimes
seen in the interior of transparent objects, and are
caused by the presence of minute fissures containing
particles of air. These can, however, he removed by
a little pressure. The color of a stone often changes
its commercial name. The red Sapphire is a Ruby ;
the yellow one, a Topaz ; the green Chrysolite, a
Peridot, &c., &c. Some gems exhibit two or three
colors in the same specimen ; this peculiarity, called
polychroism (Gr .polus, many, and chroa, color), is
observable in some stones, (the Tourmaline, for
example,) placed between the eye and light. If
the texture and composition of a stone be the
same all through, it will exhibit but one color,
• — provided it is crystallized in the cubic sys-
tem. The peculiar light displayed by some
Minerals by friction or heating, is called Phos-
phorescence. The rubbing of two bits of quartz
against each other will produce a greenish light.
Some Minerals display a green, others, a pale
violet light, when placed on a heated shovel. The
variable lustre observed in the star-stones is said
to proceed from an imperfection in their crys-
tallization. Sun or gas-light shows these reflec-
tions to great advantage. Some stones transmit a
different color when looked through or looked at,
as the Opal and Tourmaline.
In order to pick out real gems from spurious
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
—
817 ^
specific gravity is necessary. This knowledge was
possessed by the ancients, and was carried into
practice in India several centuries back. A simple
way of ascertaining the specific gravity of any gem
is given below : —
“ The stone of which the specific gravity is to be
obtained, is first weighed in the ordinary manner
in the scales, and having noted the exact weight,
it is then fixed by means of a piece of wire bent
in the form of a hook, and a small piece of wax
to one side of the scale, whilst in the other is
placed a piece of wire and a piece of wax of the
same weight, or their equivalent in weights. The
scale, with the stone attached, is now allowed to
fall in a cup of distilled or even filtered water, and
weights are put in the opposite scale till the
weight of the stone is counter-balanced, and the
scales exactly even. It is evident that a less weight
is required to counter-balance the stone submerged
| in water, compared with that when it was weighed
in the air, as the water in some measure supports
it. The weight in the water is then subtracted
from the weight in air, and the weight in air
divided by the difference, vis : —
Weight in air
Ditto water
... 17 carats.
5-17=3-5'.”
APPENDICES.
<" ' ’ (
In taking tlie specific gravity of a gem, care
should be taken to see that it is thoroughly clean
and separated from any foreign substance, such as
dust, grease, &c. It should also be free from holes
or pores ; should be rubbed in water, (to remove
the adherent air), before being put into it ; and if >
porous, it must be allowed to absorb as much water
as it is capable of, before being put in the scale.
The hydrometer and other scientific instruments
| have now been devised, in order to enable one to
| arrive at very accurate results ; but, for all ordi- I
i nary purposes, the rule given above will be found
| sufficient.
, There are other properties of Minerals, such as
| taste and smell, which might be included under
the head of external, but these being beyond the
! province of a book on Gems are left out in the
present treatise. \
The power of refraction and of polarizing light,
inherent in gems, comes under the heading,
“ optical.” By power of refraction are meant cer-
tain characteristics possessed by all transparent subs-
tances of altering the direction of a ray of light, dash-
ing against their surfaces. Itefraction is two-fold,
single and double. It is a case of single refraction j
when, a ray of light falling obliquely on the surface
of a transparent substance, it is bent or refracted
from its original course and takes another direction.
The power of double refraction is possessed by the \
transparent varieties of calcspar in such a high j
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
819
i
degree, that these have obtained the name of doubly
refracting spar. “ If a line traced on paper he
viewed through a fragment of this Mineral, two
lines will appear ; and on turning the calcspar
round, as it lies on it, both images will move until
they coincide ; and on turning it still further, one
will seem to pass over the other. This is because
one portion of the light is refracted in the ordinary
manner, as wo see in glass and water ; the other
portion, called the extraordinary ray, is refracted
in a different manner : and it is found that except-
ing those substances whose crystals belong to the
cubic system, and such as do not crystallize, all
Minerals have, in a greater or less degree, the same
property.” But in all substances, there is at least
one line through which no double refraction is
visible ; this line is called the axis of the crystal,
or the axis of double refraction. The knowledge
of the double refractive power helps one consider-
ably in specifying Minerals, which at first sight
seem to be similar to each other, when, by cutting
and polishing, or in case of our receiving irregular
bits, we cannot form any idea of their external form.
A bit of red Topaz will, for example, refract
doubly ; whereas one of Spinel Ruby, (the crystals
being octahedral), will not. But the degree of
doubly refractive power inherent in the calcspar
being seldom met with in any other Mineral, it be-
comes a matter of great difficulty to ascertain it
in any better way than with the polarized light.
For this purpose, “ the substance to be examined
should he interposed between the two reflecting
plates, when so arranged that the original ray
refuses to be reflected, in which case, should the
body be doubly refracting, a position will be found
in which a great portion of the previously inter-
cepted light will be more or less transmitted.”
Light may be polarized in a variety of ways ; such
as, by reflection at a certain angle, from a polished
| surface ; by transmission through plates of Tour-
maline, Iceland spar, or other doubly refracting
bodies. \
< >
Electricity is the property which some sub-
\ stances possess of attracting and repelling smaller
bodies. This can be excited, either by friction,
pressure or heat ; or, as in some, by all these me-
thods. Some Minerals are conductors, and others,
non-conductors of electricity. “ A Topaz, a Tour-
\ maline and a number of other Minerals, when rub-
bed on a piece of woollen cloth, will, like a stick
of sealing-wax or glass rod (so excited), attract
small light bits of cotton or thin paper. But the
1 metals and those ores which approach to a metallic
\ state, being conductors of electricity, this result
| cannot be obtained unless they are previously iso-
\ lated, by placing them on a support of glass or
j some other non-conducting substance. A very small
piece of gilt paper attached by a silk thread to a
bent glass rod, forms a simple apparatus which will I
| exhibit the electricity a Mineral has thus acquired : :
ipL — — ~
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
on approaching it to the gilt paper, it will immedi-
| ately attract it.” Electricity is either positive or
negative; or, as it is sometimes called, vitreous
or resinous. The amount of time for which some
measure to establish their identity. Many scienti-
| tic instruments are in use, to determine the elec-
\
trical properties of stones, hut the simplest plan
woyld be “ to use an ordinary electrometer, and to
communicate a known electricity to it, by touching
it with a piece of rubbed sealing-wax, until, on
approaching the wax slowly to the needle, it repels
it. The needle has then acquired a negative elec-
tricity, and will be attracted by a positive electric
crystal and repelled by a negative one. This ex-
I periment should, however, he tried on a dry day.”
As a rule, transparent crystals, with bright polished
faces, acquire positive electricity ; those that have
a rough surface, or are not limpid, negative electri-
city. Amongst the crystals which become electric
by pressure, to a very high degree, may be mentioned
the Iceland Spar. Amongst those that are slightly
Pyro-electricity is the electricity which is produced
in some substances by means of heat. The Indians
were well acquainted with the existence of this pro-
perty ; so were the Greeks, as appears from the
name that they gave to Amber, “ electron,” on ac-
count of its power of attracting small bodies by fric-
tion. The Tourmaline is called “ Aschentrekker,” in
Minerals retain the electricty, helps one in a great
so, are Topaz, Amethyst, and the varieties of Quartz.
822
APPENDICES.
the Dutch language, owing to its alternately attract-
ing and repelling hot ashes, if placed amidst them.
Those gems that acquire electricity by heat general-
ly present opposite poles, i.e., one end of the crystal j
becomes positively, and the other, negatively elec- j
trie ; as the Tourmaline, Topaz, &c. It is not the
heat but the change of temperature it causes, that
produces the electricity. “ By increase of heat the
positive pole becomes negative, and the negative
pole positive. To examine the pyro-electric pro-
perties of a gem, it can be held during its heating
or cooling against the needle of a sensitive electro-
meter, avoiding carefully any friction. The longer j
the crystal, the greater the quantity of electricity j
produced in proportion. In order to ascertain the
length of time during which a stone retains its ;
electricity, it must be left in contact with some
metallic body. The Topaz continues to affect the
needle after twenty-four hours.”
All Minerals are either elementary (or simple)
substances or compounds. The simple ones are ;
those whose component parts, our present know-
ledge of chemistry has not enabled us to separate
or dissolve ; such as Diamond, which we now know
to be nothing else but carbon in its purest state.
The compounds are those whose elementary parts
canbe identified and separated, as the Emerald, Tour-
maline, Peridot, &c., &c. Two methods are in use
for the chemical examination of Minerals ; the moist
and the dry. In the former, they are dissolved in
A TREATISE ON GEMS
823
water, or, when that is not found possible, in some
acid ; in the latter, they are subjected to heat by
means of a blow-pipe. The ease or difficulty with
which gems are fused, determines their chemical
composition and coloring matter. There are many
gems which are altogether infusible, or fusible
with great difficulty, by means of fluxes, such as
soda or borax, or salt of phosphorus. The Diamond
is an example of the former : the Ruby, Sapphire
and all the varieties of the Corundums, the Emerald
Zircon, &c., are of the latter (by means of borax).
By the application of heat, some Minerals change
color ; some swell and decrepitate ; some burn ;
globules are produced in some ; an enamel, on
others ; dust, in some others ; phosphorescence, in a
great many. The blow-pipe used, should be either
< made of silver, (which does not corrode), or made of
tinned iron, the cavity being square and placed at
the bend. The latter is much cheaper. But in either
case, the tip should be of platinum, and removable
; for cleaning purposes. Care should be taken not
to interrupt the stream of air and steady flame.
For this purpose, the air should be supplied from
the mouth, as from a reservoir which should not be
allowed to get exhausted, and not from the lungs
( which may constantly necessitate the act of respir-
ation, so detrimental to the arrival at successful
results. The part of the jet of flame to be used
is an important point in the use of the blow-pipe.
If the outside flame, or, as it is called, the oxidising
APPENDICES.
824
flame, be used, metallic substances get oxidised, as
it does not entirely prevent the contact of the air ;
if the inner flame, otherwise termed the reducing
\ flame, which is of a bluish-red and intensely hot,
then the Minerals, which now become partially or
fully de-oxidized, get fused. For carrying on these
| experiments, a small quantity of the gem, reduced
to powder, and held in a small platinum cup, is
found to be sufficient. If a Mineral heated in a
closed glass box, by flames directed against and
beneath it, contains water, it will be volatalized, and
condensed on the upper surface. If fluorine forms
one of its component parts, the glass may be corro-
ded by it. Some gems are affected by acids ; some
are not. The Opal is affected by potash ; the Garnet,
Turquoise, Chrysolite, &c., by acids. The Diamond
and the Corundum varieties are not affected by
any chemical substances ; those Minerals that
effervesce on the application of acid should be
known as containing carbonates ; those that do not,
when dissolved in acid, generally turn into a gela-
tinous substance. To produce this result, heat
l and strong acids are necessary ; to produce the •
effervescence, the acid should be diluted with water,
and in some cases, the assistance of heat is required.
MOSAIC
the art of Mosaic was known to and
in extensive use among the ancients,
does not admit of the least doubt whatever.
“Mosaic pavements,” says Pliny, “have been
driven from our floors and have migrated to
our ceilings and are made of glass, a new inven-
tion this ; for Agrippa in the baths he built
in Kome used terra-cotta decorations painted
in encaustic in the heated chambers, for the other
parts employing stucco-work, whereas he would
certainly have made his ceilings of glass had
the invention existed in his time.” The lithostroton,
the first species of mosaic, was, as its Greek name
signifies, composed of very small bits of marble
“ parvolis crustis.” The floor of the Temple of For-
tune at Prseneste, built .bv Sulla, is the earliest
specimen of mosaic in Italy. All the finest ancient
mosaics were entirely made of cubes of natural mar-
bles of various hues. The introduction of bits of
glass for the brighter tints belongs to a subsequent
period. Of this the best example is the Circencester
pavements. But mosaics of the Lower Empire (of
which the earliest existing specimen is the ceiling
of Sta. Costanza) are made exclusively of cubes of
colored glass roughly broken from the mass.
The Taj at Agra affords a striking example of
the art as practised in India. The jewels which
826
APPENDICES.
originally formed tlie mosaic of that splendid
specimen of Indian architecture have now been
The Egyptian glass-workers of antiquity pro-
duced mosaics so minutely that they could be set
in rings and in pendants. The following simple
but ingenious method was adopted : “A num-
ber of fine rods of coloured glass were arrang-
ed together in a bundle, so that their ends
composed the pattern wished — a bird or a flower,
exactly as now the makers of Tunbridge ware
do with their slips of differently colored woods.
This bundle was then enclosed in a coating of
pot-metal, usually opaque blue glass ; and the
whole mass being fused sufficiently to run all the
rods together into a compact body, was lastly
drawn out to the diameter required. In this way
all the rods were equally attenuated without alter-
ing their relative position, and the external coating,
when the mass was cut across, became the ground
of a miniature mosaic, apparently the production
of inconceivable dexterity and niceness of touch.
Each section of the whole necessarily presented the
same pattern, without the slightest variation in its
shades and outlines.” The best specimen of this
nature is to be seen in the British Museum and
once belonged to the Duchess of Devonshire. It
is a square tablet, one inch in width, with the figure
of the kneeling winged goddess, Sate, upon a rich
replaced by imitations.
blue ground.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
The author of the present work has two very
splendid mosaic works in his possession, showing
the degree of perfection which modern Italy has
attained in the art. One is a large round table, in
which are reproduced in mosaic the principal build-
ings in Rome, viz., the Pantheon, the Piazza, St.
Peter’s Church, and other celebrated places. It is
a gift to the author from His Majesty the King
Humbert of Italy, whose liberality has excited the
admiration of all who have seen this unique article.
It is estimated in India at about 20,000 Rs. The
other is a basilica of St. Peters, also presented to
the author by His Holiness the Pope Leo XIII.
Both the works have been pronounced by con-
noisseurs as marvels of mosaic workmanship.
A— 5
828
APPENDICES.
ENAMELS-
AMELS are of the same composition as
pastes, but there is a great deal of difference
in the process of their application. “ The vitreous
mass is ground fine, and then, mixed with gum- ;
water, is applied with a brush to the surface to
be ornamented, upon which it is finally fixed
by means of fusion. Erom the degree of heat
necessary in the operation, the substratum must
be either fine gold or pure copper, capable of
resisting it, otherwise the slight compartments
formed in the metal to contain the enamel would
run, and the outlines of the pattern be de-
ranged.” In the preparation of enamels, the an-
cients used, as the ground-work of their composi-
tions, powdered glass or flint, oxide of lead, and
borax, mixed in various proportions, and colored by
different metallic oxides. The invention is of Celtic
origin, intended to replace the inlaid gem-work
of the orientals, by a cheap and attainable imita-
tion in the baser materials of glass and copper.
The art had attained perfection in Britain when
: it was but little understood in Borne (during the
reign of Severus), as the celebrated incense-burner,
found (with other relics of Greek workmanship) in
the tomb- vault of one of the Bartlow Hills, proves.
{ Similar decorations of British origin have been
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
829
seen in the collections. These are done by what is
called the Champ-lev 6 process, i.e., the designs are
first cut out in the metal to a considerable depth,
and then these beds are filled up with the fused
enamel, and afterwards so well polished as to give
it a smooth face. This process was also in use
among the Gothic jewellers throughout the Middle
Ages, till it was taken up by the Byzantines and
applied to gold. This was called the Cloisonnd
method ; “ each colour being contained in its dis-
tinct compartment of thin gold-plate set on edge
upon and soldered down to a stouter basis, the thin
lines of the gold serving for the outlines of the
whole design, which is often a singularly compli-
cated piece.” The Byzantine method was adopted
by the Persians, as is evidenced by the famous cup
of Chosroes I, which is now in the Bibliotheque
Imperiale, Paris ; also by the Anglo-Saxons. This
method is still in vogue in Algiers. The third
method and the one now in fashion came to use
>
about the middle of the 15tli century, “being mere-
ly an adaptation to copper of the Moresco inven-
tion of painting with enamel colours upon a ground
of stanniferous glaze laid over earthenware, which
the Italians of those times were carrying out with
so much success in their majolica.” In this method,
“ the vitreous glaze was merely laid on like water-
colors upon the polished copper, with no longer
any bed traced to direct it, the dexterous applica-
tion of the fire alone preventing the several colours
from flowing, when fused, out of their proper posi-
tions.” The Trench became the unquestionable
masters of the art, not before the reign of Louis
XIV ; and, headed by the celebrated Petitot, pro-
duced miniatures on gold as excellent as the most
beautiful paintings on ivory. The Chinese practise
on this method on a gigantic scale. The large
basins, exquisitely worked vases, and other things,
useful or ornamental, that come from China, are
marvellous specimens of the art, and possess this
superiority over those manufactured in Europe, j
that they receive no injury by the action of boiling I
water. ;
PASTES.
|ppHE word “paste” is derived from Pashis,
Its! ( It. PastaJ, food, and lias been applied by
the Italians to the softened plastic stuff, when they
revived the process of imitating precious stones.
Pastes are imitations in glass of precious stones and
gems, (engraved as camei or intagli), transparent
and opaque. The following is a direction for mak-
ing them : —
“ A small iron case of the diameter required is
filled with a mixture of fine tripoli and pipeclay
moistened, upon which is made an impression from
the gem to be copied. This matrix is then tho-
roughly dried, and a bit of glass of the proper
colour laid flat upon it. If a stone of different
strata has to be imitated, so many layers of differ-
ent colored glass are piled upon each other. The
whole is next placed within a furnace, and watched
until the glass is just beginning to melt, when
the softened mass is immediately pressed down
upon the mould by means of an iron spatula,
coated with Trench chalk in order to prevent
adhesion. It is then removed from the furnace,
and annealed or suffered to cool gradually at its
mouth, when the glass, after being cleaned from
the tripoli, will be found to have taken a wonder-
fully sharp impression of the stamp, but in reverse.
833
APPENDICES.
whether the prototype be in relievo or incavo.
When a cameo is the model, all the undercutting
must be stopped up with wax before taking the
cast, otherwise it tears away the soft matrix when
withdrawn; and on this account, camei in paste
are never so satisfactory as intagli. If it be wished
to imitate a gem full of internal flaws, like the
Carbuncle or the Emerald, the effect is produced
by omitting the annealing and throwing the paste,
still hot, into cold water.’’
The fact of ancient pastes having a much rough-
er exterior than the modern ones, leads us to the
conclusion that they were taken in a much coarser
material — perhaps, in terra-cotta. They are also
full of air-bubbles ; are much harder than win-
dow-glass, and would scratch it readily ; whereas
all modern glass, if colored, is softer than the white
kind. Then again, the antique pastes possess a
charming iridescence covering its surface, which
is produced by the oxidising of the glass from
the action of the salty matters of the earth. They
also have a porous bubbly texture, not only of the
surface, but of the whole body ; Avhereas the modern
pastes, (when imitating transparent stones), look
pure and same all through, as they are made of
pot-metal, i.e., glass stained of one color.
The practice of imitating stones by means of
paste was in vogue in the most classical times.
Heredotus speaks of the pendants that hung in the
ears of the sacred crocodiles by a name, which,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
833
5 translated into English, means “ fused gems.” j
Such pendants were frequently used in ear-rings and j
i necklaces of the same period. In his description
of precious stones, Pliny often dwells upon the
difficulty of distinguishing them from their glassy
imitations. He mentions the following kinds, as
used in the preparation of drinking vessels and for
other ornamental purposes : — “ Glass resembling \
Obsidian is made for dishes (escaria vasa) ; also a
sort entirely red and opaque, called Hcematinon ; an
opaque white also, and imitations of the Agate, the
Sapphire, the Lapis-Lazuli, and all other colours.”
Among the kinds produced in his time, he men-
tions the Murrhinum, or imitation of the costly j
murrhine stone, which formed the bowls in Agate
with unornamented surfaces. Glass Scyphi, exactly
imitating the clouds and shades of brown and j
white Agate, largely exist both whole and in j
fragments.
< O f
The glass-workers of the Lower Empire invent-
ed novelties in the art. Of this, the best specimen
is now to be seen in the possession of Baron
Lionel Rothschild. It is known to he a work of the \
3rd or 4th century. The substance is of a pale Ruby j
colour by transmitted light, and of a pale opaque
green by reflected light. Imitations of onyx-vases
went by a special designation, “ Calices Audaces,”
or “ Impudent Ware,” to express the boldness of j
their pretensions. Instances are known of finger-
rings made entirely of glass. A curious example j
k M
'* 834
APPENDICES.
of the ancient imitations is afforded by those disks,
the size of ring-stones, the ground imitating Laois-
Lazuli, and inlaid with other pastes producing a
pattern, in low relief. Two specimens of this
variety have been seen, — a vine-leaf and a parrot —
which, on account of their singularity, fetched £10
each. The glass disks found stuck in the plaster,
(before it set) which closed up the Roman tombs,
come properly within the scope of the subject.
These are mostly the bottoms of cups, placed with
the dead to contain the sacrament. Some of
these were in the shape of medallions intended to
be worn as pendants by the poorer class, who could
not afford the gold ones. Within their substance,
they contained rough designs cut out of a solid
piece of gold leaf laid between two pieces of glass
afterwards fused together and made into a compact
body. The designs were generally the busts or full
figures of Christ, or the Apostles, with suitable
legends ; sometimes, those of the reigning sover-
eigns. These medallions were put inside the tomb,
with the object of marking the date, and of guard-
ing the repose of the dead. Heraclius, who seems
to have been a Spanish Goth, and who flourished
in the 7th century, gives directions for making
pastes. One of the best pieces of paste was found
among other remains of Roman antiquity at
Shefford, Bedfordshire, and is now to be seen in the
Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
The best ancient intaglio pastes seen are one found
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
835
n ear Rome in 1850, tlie subject engraved upon it
being the Town of Troy ; and another, the bust of j
Abundantia, in imitative Lapis-Lazuli. As soon j
\ >
as the glyptic art revived in Italy, the former
makers of counterfeit gems began to reproduce in-
tagli in their own material. But the art of paste-
making reached its perfection under the auspices
of the Regent Orleans. The new system was soon
taken up by all jewel-makers in Europe. Goethe
visiting Rome in the last quarter of the century
(1786-9), found paste-making a favorite occupation
with the connoisseurs. Even up to this day, the
Italians show great skill in the art. The account \
of modern paste would remain incomplete without
the mention of Wedgwood’s seals and camei.
These are, however, made of porcelain, and are
decidedly superior to paste in hardness, even to
)
the extent of emitting fire if struck against steel.
These are of two kinds, one imitating black Jasper,
and the other, Lapis-Lazuli. Strass, called after the
German chemist, its inventor, is the brilliant white
paste, the material of Paste Diamonds. It repro-
duces the other gems when colored by different
metallic oxides. Various recipes are given by
Barbot as to its composition ; but the Parisian
chemists have hit upon a discovery which super-
sedes all previous directions. By a preparation of
borax, (not yet patent to all), a paste, known as the
“ diamant de bore,” is produced, which becomes as
hard as Quartz, resists the action of the file and
b — 5
when set in real gold is hardly distinguishable from
genuine brillants even by the most experienced eye.
I The Romans excelled in the imitation of all
precious stones, — the Emerald and the Lapis-
Lazuli, most particularly — hut the ingenious work- \
men of modern paste have quite eclipsed their
fame in the preparation of all other kinds, except, |
| perhaps, in point of hardness. The following
| recipes are taken from Barbot’s Traite des Pierres
Precieuses’ ( strass ) for
the preparation of
some
of the stones : —
<
<
Strass.
Beryl.
Bock-crystal
220-07
Strass.
187-50 j
Minium
342-17
Antimony, glass
1*32 \
Potass, purified
116*90
Cobalt, oxide
0*082 |
Borax
Arsenic
Emerald.
15-07
0'66
Topaz.
Ceruse of clichy
Quartz pebbles calcined
500 \
500 J
Strass
Copper, green oxide
Chrome, oxide
25000
2-51
0*11
Sapphire.
White strass
Cobalt oxide
31-25
0*11 <
Garnet , Siriam,
Strass
27-75 >
Antimony, glass
13*95
Purple of cassius
0*110 \
Manganese oxide
0-110
j Selling Prices of Precious Stones — Past
| and Present. j
Cellini calls the Ruby, Emerald, Diamond and
| the Sapphire, by the name “ Precious Stones,” and
S assigns the following price to the best specimens
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
83
l!uby, of one carat
Emerald „
Diamond „
Sapphire „
Gold Scudi .
800
400
100
10
The gold scudo was in intrinsic value 9 shillings,
and in current, was about the same in Italy in
1560, when she was known to be the richest
country in the world. In De Boot’s time, the
Ruby was estimated by the jewellers at half the
price of a Diamond of the same size but not of •
the same weight ; but if it exceeded 10 carats in
weight, then, according to the rules he laid down
for the latter stone. The value of the Balas was
fixed at 10 ducats for the first carat, afterwards to
be multiplied by the simple weight ; that of the
Table-cut Diamond was put down for 30 ducats
(15 £) ; the one-carat Sapphire, at 2 thalers (6 s.) ;
for higher weights, as their square multiplied by
one thaler. The Emerald was at this time so
abundant, that De Boot considered one-fourth the
price of Diamond even too high for it. Rose-cut
Diamond of one carat was valued by Berquem at
100 francs ; by Tavernier, about quarter of a century
later, at 150. At this time no other cut than the
Table and the Bose was spoken of. In 1777,
Dutens valued the Brilliant Diamond of one carat
>
at 8 louis d’or (each louis being equal to 18 s.,
intrinsically) ; and after the 1st carat, as the
Spinel at half that of the Diamond. The price of
APPENDICES.
square of tlie weight multiplied, hy that figure.
Small Emeralds, if fine, at one louis, a carat,
taken together ; of 1^ carats, at 5 louis; of 2, at
: 10; beyond which no definite rules could safely be
; given. It appears that in his time, the Sapphire
was not much appreciated, as he assigns to a stone,
12 livres (9 s.), for the first carat, and over that
< as the square multiplied by this. One of 10 carats
( was valued at 50 louis ; one of 20, at 200, and so
on. In the beginning of the 18th century the value
of Emerald fell so low that Caire fixed the first
carat at about 24 francs. One of 20 carats was
priced at 3,000 francs (120 £) only. The first ;
carat of the R,uby was put down at 10 louis ; of j
the Ruby of 2 carats, at 40 ; of 3, at 150 ; of 4,
at 400 . Now-a-days, a perfect Ruby exceeding a >
carat sells for a good deal more than a Diamond j
of the same weight. Eor several years previous
to 1850, the value of Diamond remained, with
slight variations, at the same standard as fixed by
\ Jeffries and Dutens, i. e., 8 £ for the first carat.
/ # <
Emeralds and Sapphires were both priced at 3 £
per carat, if fine ; the value of the pale specimens
of either being difficult to fix, in consequence of \
their never having a fixed market value. But i
; since that period, the Diamond has doubled and
the Sapphire quadrupled its value ; and, as for the j
Emerald, it has become the most valuable of all,
and if perfect, exceeds the value of the Diamond
in the same ratio as that fixed by Cellini. The
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
839
Spinel and the Balas, more sought after by the ;
Orientals than by the Europeans, have been con-
sidered to possess the same value as the Sapphire.
De Boots gives the same value to the Pearl as to
the Opal, i. e., 3 thalers (9 s.) for the first carat,
and then as the weight squared, up to 11 carats ;
but for higher weights, multiplying the square by
4 thalers. The present selling price in Paris, as
given by Barbot, is 50 francs per carat, multiplied
by the simple weight. The Turquois of the small- ;
est size, sells for about 6 pence per dozen ; whereas
a good one, of half an inch in diameter, is fully
worth 10 £. One, as large as a shilling, is men-
tioned by Emanuel as having sold for 400 £.
Such gems as have gone out of fashion, (as for
instance, the Amethyst, Jacinth, Chrysolite, &c.,)
are purchased by jewellers at nominal, and sold by
them at fancy price. The fine Persian Lapis-
Lazuli now sells in the mass for 30 £ per pound.
It is now drawn into slabs, for brooches and pend-
ants, as in the classical days. j
The Imperial State Crown of England.
The following description of the British crown
is taken from Professor Tennant’s : — j
“ The Imperial State Crown of H. M. Queen Vic-
toria was made in the year 1838, by Messrs.
It undell and Bridge, with jewels taken from old
crowns and others furnished by command of Her \
840
APPENDICES.
Majesty. It consists of Diamonds, Pearls, Rubies,
Sapphires, and Emeralds set in silver and gold : it
has a crimson velvet cap with ermine border, and is
lined with white silk. Its gross weight is 39 oz.
5 dwts. Troy. The lower part of the band above
the ermine border consists of a row of 129 Pearls ;
and the upper part of the band, of a roiv of 112
Pearls, between which, in front of the crown is
a large Sapphire (partly drilled) purchased for the
crown by H. M. King George IV. At the back is
a Sapphire of smaller size, and six other Sapphires,
three on each side, between which are eight Eme-
“ Above and below the seven Sapphires are four-
teen Diamonds, and around the eight Emeralds, 128
Diamonds. Between the Emeralds and the Sapphires
are sixteen trefoil ornaments containing 160
Diamonds. Above the band are eight Sapphires
surmounted by eight Diamonds, between which are
eight festoons consisting of 148 Diamonds.
“ In the front of the crown, and in the centre of a
Diamond Maltese cross, is the famous Ruby said to
have been given to Edward Prince of Wales, the
Black Prince, by Don Pedro, King of Castile, after
the battle of Najara, near Vittoria, A.D. 1367.
the battle of Agincourt, A.D. 1415. It is pierced
quite through, after the Eastern custom, the upper
part of the piercing being filled up by a small Ruby.
Around this Ruby to form the cross, are 75 Brilliant
raids,
This Ruby was worn in the' helmet of Henry V., at
£/$*■
Diamonds. Three other Maltese crosses, forming
the two sides and back of the crown, have Emerald \
centres, and contain respectively 132, 124, and 130 ;
Brilliant Diamonds.
“ Between the four Maltese crosses are four orna-
ments in the form of French fleurs-de-lys, with four j
Rubies in their centres, and surrounded by Rose j
Diamonds, containing respectively 84,86,86,87 Rose \
Diamonds. £
“ From the Maltese crosses issue four Imperial j
| arches, composed of oak -leaves and acorns : the
leaves containing 728 Rose, Table, and Brilliant \
Diamonds : 32 Pearls forming the acorns, set in cups,
containing 54 Rose Diamonds and one Table Dia-
mond. The total number of Diamonds in the
arches and acorns is 108 Brilliant, 116 Table, and
; 559 Rose Diamonds. j
“ From the upper part of the arches are suspended
four large pendant pear-shaped Pearls with Rose- j
Diamond cups, containing 12 Rose Diamonds, and j
stems containing 24 very small Rose Diamonds. i
Above the arch stands the Mound, containing in
j the lower hemisphere 304 Brilliants, and in the up-
per 244 Brilliants : the zone and arc being composed >,
of 33 Rose Diamonds. The cross on the summit has
a Rose-cut Sapphire in the centre, surrounded by 4
large Brilliants and 108 smaller Brilliants.” j
Summary of jewels comprised in the Crown —
1 Large Ruby irregularly polished.
1 Large broad-spread Sapphire.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
841
16 Sapphires.
11 Emeralds.
4 Rubies.
1363 Brilliant Diamonds.
1272 Bose Diamonds.
147 Table Diamonds.
4 Drop-shaped Pearls.
273 Pearls.
Wedding Bings.
From very early stages a peculiar charm appears
to have been connected with the ring. Without
beginning or end, it has long been regarded as an
emblem of eternity, and also of the strength and
perpetuity of affection. The fourth finger of the
left hand has long been considered sacred, and
hence has been consecrated to wear the wedding
ring. The Greeks and Romans were so fully
convinced of the intrinsic value attached to this
finger, that it was called the medical or healing
finger. Their various medicinal preparations were
stirred with it in place of a spoon, it being supposed
that should any noxious ingredient be included in
the cup, warning of the fact would immediately be
given by a palpitation of the heart. In some
remote country places in England this superstition
is still firmly believed in. The other fingers are
thought to possess a certain power of evil, but a
wound or sore stroked by the wedding finger is
expected by them in a short time to disappear ; and
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
843
the wedding ring itself is by many supposed to
have the same healing effect. The rings used by {
the Jews at their marriage ceremonies were some-
times very large in size, and elaborate in design. j
The Jewish law demanded too that they should be ?
of a certain value, and to prove this to be the case,
they were before the ceremony submitted to an
examination. It was a rule also that the bridegroom
should purchase the ring out of his own private
resources and not obtain it either on credit or as a
gift from a friend ; and after the ring had been
placed on the bride’s finger, the marriage was
considered then, as it is now, to be irrevocably j
binding. Among the fishermen on west coast of j
Ireland, the wedding ring is kept as an heir-loom in {
the family, and is considered the property of the j
eldest married daughter ; consequently many of the
Elizabethan era. In the sixteenth century, both \
marriage and betrothal rings were made with a j
motto or posy inscribed inside, and to these Shakes-
peare, in two or three of his plays, refers. — Cassell’s
Domestic Dictionary. j
< !
< \
Pearls from the depths of the ocean and Dia-
monds from the bowels of the earth are constantly
being threatened in their intrinsic value by artificial
wedding rings still worn by the fish-wives in that
district are quite old, and of exceedingly ancient
design, being manufactured as far back as the
Diamonds and Sham Diamonds.
APPENDICES.
844
I competition ; and natural Diamonds are now, it
seems, exposed to the rivalry not only of some
conglomerate of Diamond-dust — or of what passes
for it — manufactured into the semblance of Brilli-
\ ants, but also to that of genuine Diamonds, pro-
; duced not by the ordinary agencies of nature, but
by chemical and magnetic means at the will of I
\ man. A “ Manufacturer of Diamonds” has written
to the Morning Post saying that he can sell for less
than a sovereign an artificially made Diamond equal
j in appearance to a real Diamond worth £300 and
! undistinguishable from it except by the most
| practised and skilful experts. But he denies the \
| power of the chemist to produce Diamonds of suffi- \
| cient size and at sufficiently low cost to have the
| effect of disturbing the market value of natural
| Diamonds ; and Diamond merchants take the same
| view of the pretensions put forward by the Dia-
j mond manufacturer that he takes of the claims
j advanced by the Diamond chemists. Nothing,
I according to the Diamond merchants and the true \
I amateurs of Diamonds, can equal the Diamond
i in hardness, in brillancy, and in play of prismatic
colours except another Diamond ; and to the
| artificially composed stone, as to the minute
crystals of Diamond-like matter produced by the
prolonged action of a galvanic battery upon a
solution of pure carbon, the name of Diamond is
refused. Neither ordinary tools nor ordinary heat
can affect the true Diamond. If air be excluded, \
I it may be heated to a white heat without injury ;
and though it may he reduced to something like
coke hy means of an exceptionally powerful gal-
vanic battery, yet so formidable is the apparatus
required for effecting its solution that practically
the Diamond may he looked upon as insoluble. Its
\ combustibility was first demonstrated by the
members of the Academy of Florence in 1694, by
| subjecting it to the solar rays concentrated in the
f large parabolic reflector made for the Cosmo de’
Medici, when it burned with a blue, lambent flame.
The Diamond is often found in such alluvial
I deposits as are worked for gold. Diamonds were
| first discovered in Asia, and soon after their dis-
\ covery were greatly prized in Hindostan, — as is
l sufficiently shown by the value attached to them
I in the tales of “ The Thousand and One Nights.”
The Diamond mines of Golconda were for centuries
| the only ones known; but in 1728 Diamond mines
| were discovered in Brazil ; and in 1868 what are
called Diamond-fields were opened up in the
| country vaguely known as South Africa. The
; South African Diamond-fields owe their origin, or
| rather their recognition, to the picking up by a
; child of a large Diamond on the banks of the
Orange River. In 1869 a Diamond which has
since become known as the “ Star of South Africa”
was found by a Griqua shepherd, and several small
stones were met with on the banks of the Vaal
River in 1870. A year or two ago more than 4,000
846
APPENDICES.
persons were employed in connection with the
South African Diamond-fields, chiefly in the valleys
of the Orange and "Vaal rivers and at their junction.
The remarkable thing about the African Diamonds
is the great number of large stones found among
\ them. Their value, however, is diminished by the
| vast majority of them being tinted with yellow and
other shades. Large yellowish stones are now sold
; for about one-fourth the price they fetched eight
; or ten years ago ; while the worth of small stones,
; even of good quality, has deteriorated by nearly
1 one-half. The whole of the South African Diamond
| region, to the extent of about 17,000 square miles,
I was annexed in 1871 as a British colony, under
the title of Griqualand. The Brazilian mines are
\ now looked upon as nearly exhausted, and as a
matter of fact are no longer worked, while the
produce of the South African fields is constantly
declining. This must have seemed to favour the
new industry which has arisen in connection with
the manufacture of Diamonds, and the various
' plans which are from time to time formed by the
\ inventors of the type of Balthazar Claes, in
Balzac’s “ Recherche de l’Absolu,” for flooding the
market by means of Diamonds chemically pro-
; duced. Natural Diamonds, however, have lately
turned up in the United States, especially in
California, and they have also been discovered in
\ various parts of Australia.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
847
The finest Diamonds are clear and transparent as
a drop of pui'e water. But besides these “ brilliants
of the first water” as they are called both tech-
nically and in ordinary conversation, there are
coloured Diamonds of every sort and hue. A yellow
shade is considered objectionable in a Diamond ; so
also is a cinnamon colour. Next to rose-coloured
Diamonds green take rank in the market ; next to
green, blue ; and next to blue, black. The value of
a Diamond may, according to some writers on the
subject, be ascertained by a regular formula,
according to which the square of the weight in
carats must be multiplied by a sum varying accord-
ing to the condition and quality of the stone. If
the Diamond is of good water and of fine shape,
this sum may be put down at £2. If, however,
the Diamond be perfect in quality and also per-
fectly cut, the sum to be taken as the basis of the
calculation will be £6 or £8. Big Diamonds have
a larger theoretical value than small ones ; but as
a matter of fact Diamonds of large size have often
had to be cut up before they could be disposed of
in the market. When in 1837 the Deccan booty,
obtained by the army of Lord Hastings, was sold,
a magnificent Diamond weighing 375-| grains, and
of the purest water, brought at auction only
£7,200. In the present day, finest Diamonds are
held by Portuguese, Spanish, Trench, and English
families in the order named ; and the best market
for them is in the United States. Among historical
848
appendices.
Diamonds an important place must be assigned
to the celebrated Pitt Diamond, of which the
weight was 430 carats. But after being cut — a
process which occupied two years — it was found to j
have been reduced to the weight of 36 carats, and
it was then sold to the Regent of Orleans for
£135,000. Its present value is said to be
£200,000, though it might be difficult to find a >
purchaser for it at that price. The Pitt Diamond —
or Regent Diamond as it was called after having
passed into the hands of the Duke of Orleans —
became one of the Crown Diamonds of Prance. It
was destined to meet with strange adventures ; for, \
after being placed by Napoleon on the hilt of the
sword of State, it was captured by the Prussians
at ‘Waterloo. A. Diamond of literally inestimable
value, belonging to the King of Portugal, and of \
Brazilian origin, is said to be worth upwards of
£5,000,000 sterling ; but this value is clearly not
its value in change. Por the historical interest
attached to it, no Diamond can be compared to Her
Majesty’s Koh-i-noor. Originally dug from the
mines of Golconda, it passed to successive sover-
eigns of Central India, and in the early part of the
fourteenth century, was added to the treasures of >
Delhi. It remained in the possession of the
reigning family until the invasion, in the eighteenth
century, of Nadir Shah, who, seeing it in the turban
of the vanquished Mahommed, proposed to him an
exchange of head-dresses, and, the polite offer being j
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
perforce accepted, bore away with him the price-
less jewel. After the assassination of Nadir Shah,
the “ Mountain of Light ” passed through the
hands of Ahmed Shah, of Cahul, to Shah Soojah,
who gave it as the price of bis liberty to Runjeet
Singh, ruler of the Punjauh. On the annexation
of the Punjaub in 1849 it was stipulated that the
Koh-i-noor should be surrendered to the Queen of
England, who received it from the East India
Company in 1850. At the Great Exhibition of
1851 this famous Diamond wa3 found inferior to
its glass model, and it was necessary to surround
it with gas-lights in order to bring out its colours.
The Russians have a very good Diamond known
as the Orloff. It is about the size of a pigeon’s egg,
and one time formed the eye of an idol in the
Temple of Brahma at Pondicherry. Brahma was
robbed of it by a Erencli deserter, from whom it
found its way to a Greek merchant established
somewhere on the shores of the Mediterranean,
who sold it to Count Orloff, at that time in com-
mand of the Russian Mediterranean squadron, for
half a million roubles, an annuity of 20,000 roubles,
and a patent of nobility.
The Diamond manufacturers and Diamond che-
mists of the present day do not aim at producing
exceptionally large stones ; and as historical curios-
ities, to which an enormous price has always
been attached, we may be sure that neither the
Orloff nor the Koh-i-noor will lose much of their
850
APPENDICES.
j present value. Meanwhile the Diamond merchants
\ console themselves, in presence of the menace
brought against their trade, by reflecting that
| many years ago, under the direction of a French
chemist, M. Dupretz, carbon, free from every
\ trace of foreign substance, prepared from cryst-
I alline sugar-candy, was made to deposit micros-
copic crystals which had the hardness of Diamond
powder and the general characteristics of Diamonds
\ and that nothing came of M. Dupretz’ process.
As to whether the new system of manufacturing
\ Diamonds will injure the legitimate business we
| have no means of judging ; but Diamond manu-
| facturers and Diamond merchants are agreed as to
the inoffensive nature of the microscopic Diamonds
produced by chemical agencies . — Pall Mall Gazette,
\ January 30, 1880.
THE IMPERIAL STATE CROWN OF FRANCE.
The Weight and Value of the Diamonds of the French Crown,
made in 1791 .
Names.
Carats,
total.
Value in Francs.
The Regent
136
12,000,000
Blue Diamond
67
3,000,000
Sancy
53
1,000,000
Golden Blies
51
300,000
The Crown ...
28
250,000
The Ebenda
26
150,000
Pear-formed
24
200,000
Mirror of Portu
gal...
21
250,000
The Crown
20
65,000
The Ebenda
20
48,000
3. each one of about 18 Carats
55
180,000
3,
>>
„ 17 „
51
118,000
The Tenth Mazarin
16
50,000
3, each about 14 Carats
43
205,000
2,
>>
13J „
27
95,000
4,
))
11 „
46
50,000
4,
))
10 „
41
94,000
c,
)}
9 >,
56
130,000
35,
>>
7 „
249
472,000
17,
5 „
90
164,000
21,
i)
4i „
92
113,400
29,
i)
H „
98
92,500
88,
2£ »,
207
88,050
94,
))
1| „
149
60,800
13,
JJ
1 ,,
13
2,160
37,
})
3 Grains
27
5,027
433,
J)
2 „
229
39,737
679,
JJ
1J „
79
13,277
229,
>?
4 »
16
2,560
1711,
2,030
19,238,511
852
APPENDICES.
Semi-brilliants.
Names.
Carats,
total.
1
Value in Francs.
2, each piece about 7 Carats
2, „ J »
4, „ » „
1,
14
6
8
13
2
14.000
8,000
10.000
14,000
1,200
10,
43
47,200
Rose Diamonds.
2, each piece about 21 Carats
5,’ „ ,» H »
J ’ 2
5, „ J, * »
O 15
A „ » TE if
95, ,, >> a »
340, ,, >> 5 jj
1,
42
4
17
2
11
1
33
67
50
50,000
1,200
14,400
2,000
4,900
400
3,375
6,725
8,100
452,
227
91,100
Semi-brilliants and Roses without statement of their weight.
Francs.
4 Pieces, worth
... 40,000
10 „
394,000
478 „
12,000
473 „
»*
25,000
Set ,,
1,064,000
2 „
»
300,000
1,835,000
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
853
Copy of a List" of Gems in the French Regalia, taken by
command of Napoleon , in 1810 .
Name of
Stone.
No.
of pieces.
Weight
Carats.
Value
Francs, Cents.
f Brilliants..
2506
1872
11,686,504 85
< Rose
146
...
219 0
( Sapphire...
59
120
16,065 0
Rose
1659
308
...
Brilliants ...
410
135
...
Do.
1576
330
...
Do.
217
341
Do.
127
102
( Do.
197
61
30,605 0
! Opal
1
37,500 0
Brilliants ...
120
103
...
Do*'
21
29
...
Do.
27
83
...
Do.
443
194
•
[Do.
393
82
34,525 95
<
[ Rose
20
40 0
I
[ Brilliants
305
*43
10,080 0
<
| Rose
15
30 9
i
' Rubies ...
399
410
211,336 68
Brilliants
6042
793
181,925 41
1
Rose
327
496 50
i
[ Brilliants
3837
558
129,051 0
j Sapphires
67
768
153,865 0
i
j Brilliants
3302
434
87,920 63
i
[ Turquoise
215
42,900 0
s
Pearls ...
101
5912
1,164,123 0
Rose
2320
640 0
E
•rilliants ...
26
106
...
Do.
9175
1033
...
Do.
250
92
Do.
480
49
« . .
Statement of object.
Crown
Sword
Another Sword
Sword
Plume of feathers
bird
Epaulette...
Mantle Clasp
and
Hat Button
Rosettes on Hat and
Shoe ...
Order of the
Ghost ...
Order of the Lej
Honor
Holy
Honor
Ornaments of Rubies
and Brilliants
Ornaments of Brilli-
ants and Sapphires . . .
Ornaments of Turquo-
ise and Brilliants
Parure of Pearls
Collar ...
Ornaments
Comb
Girdle Buckle
Total value
Francs, Cents,
14,702,788 85*
261,365 99
71,559 30
241,874 73
273,119 37
191,834 06
68,105 0
56,877 50
240,700 0
89,100 0
325,956 25
44,678 75*
393,758 59
283,816 09*
130,820 63
1,165,163 0*
133,900 0
191,475 62
47,451 87
8,352 50
* The reader will observe that the totals marked thus (*) are full of mistakes, pro-
bably on the part of the printer. Having no means of comparing the figures which we
have copied above with any other, and of finding out whether the mistakes belong to
the totals or to the particulars, we have thought it useless to cast up a grand total.
THE PEACOCK THRONE OF SHAH JEHAN,
VjpIE Tuhht-tdm, or the Peacock Throne of
Delhi, is one of the best specimens of the
pomp and prodigality of the Mogul Emperor Shah
Jehan. The name is derived from a peacock, with
its tail spread (represented in its natural colors in
Sapphires, Emeralds, Eubies, and other jewels),
which formed the chief ornament of a dazzling mass
of Diamonds and precious stones that were encrust-
ed in the Imperial seat. Tavernier, who saw this
wonderfully constructed throne, does not seem to
disbelieve in the popular estimate of the article
which is stated to have cost nearly six millions and
i a half sterling.
I
\
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 855
THE TAJ MAHAL,
^HE Taj Malml is a corruption of Mumtaz
Mahal, tlie name of Shall Jehan’s Queen,
whose tomb it forms. It is situated at Agra in the
North-Western Provinces of India, and is “a mau-
soleum of white marble decorated with mosaics,
which, for the richness of the material, the chaste-
ness of the design, and the effect, at once brilliant
and solemn, is not surpassed by any other edifice,
either in Europe or Asia.” The building on the
outside is of white marble with a high cupola and
four minarets. A lofty hall, of a circular form,
lies in the centre of the inside, under a dome, in
the middle of which is situated the tomb, sur-
rounded by an open screen of well-worked tracery
| composed of marbles and mosaics. The walls are
also of white marble, their borders being decora-
ted with flowers in mosaic. The materials used
for the mosaic work are Lapis-Lazuli, Jasper, He-
liotrope, a sort of golden stone (not well under-
stood), with Chalcedony and other Agates, Carnoli-
ans, Jade, and similar other stones. “ A single
flower in the screen,” says Mr. Yoysey (Asiatic
Researches, Yol. V,) “ contains a hundred stones,
each cut to the exact shape necessary, and highly
polished.” The mosaics are said to be the work-
manship of Italians. “ It is singular,” remarks
an eminent historian, “ that artists of that nation
should receive lessons of taste from the Indians.”
VIEWS OF ARABIC AND PERSIAN
WRITERS ON GEMS AND STONES.
THE FORMATION OF STONES.
Arabic, Uuzur ; Persian, Sung ; Kindi, PutJithur.
WINE pieces of earth are transformed into
stones when they remain close and compact
for a length of period, and take into their elemen-
tary watery substance, the elements of heat and
dryness. Of the four elements that combine to
produce stones, — viz, heat, cold, dryness and mois-
ture — the predominance of one or more over the
others gives rise to the difference in their color.
Eor example, white is the color of those stones in
which cold and moisture exist in large proportions ;
where they do in small proportions, the stones be-
come blackish. Where heat and dryness prevail,
the stones get a red hue ; where they have less pre-
dominance, the resulting color is yellow. Where the
proportion of heat is greater than that of moisture,
the stones turn black and hard ; but where both
these elements are in small proportions, the stones
assume the color of the Ldjeburd. Where the
heat and moisture are in equal proportions, the
stones take the color which is produced by the mix-
ture of white and red ; where these two qualities are
in unequal proportions, the stones differ in color
and quality, viz., where heat preponderates, the
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
stones become blacker and harder than those where
it does not ; and where moisture prevails, they be-
come whiter and softer. The inequality of the
elements in the composition of the stones in parti-
cular portions of them determines the color and
quality of the parts so affected.
It is simply an error on the part of European
writers on jewelry to assert that the use of stones
externally or internally has no practical influence
over the human body or mind.
THE DIAMOND.
Its Properties, Varieties, 8fC.
Arabic, Mash; Persian, A’lmasli ; Hindustani, Hirtf, ;
I and Sanskrit, Hiraka.
| -lyilE Diamond is a very hard and dry mineral,
and is found in a variety of colors ; — white,
yellow, red, black, and greenish (called in Hindu-
stani, Tablid). The white specimens, full of flaws,
are found in abundance ; the red, yellow, black,
| greenish and the flawless Khdlish ones (i.e., those
| stones which do not show through them tinges of
any other color but their own), are rare. The
i spotless Khdlisli stones of a white or any other
color fetch the highest value in the market, if they
\ are of a good large size. The birth-place of the
Diamond lies principally in the Deccan, about
j Kdldkdnddr (Golconda), Jahna pdnnd (Panna) and
the Kokaf Mountains. The way to find out the
j exact locality of the Diamond in the Deccan is to
| dig up a hole in the ground and fill it up with
water ; then watch at sunrise the part which a
sudden flash of the lightning may illumine at that
I time, and then to unearth the treasure which is
; sure to lie buried there.
The brilliance of the Diamond cannot be noticed
j in its primitive state, but it has to be brought out by
| the skill of the HuJckdk, or the cutters and
| polishers of gems. The Diamond is also found in
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
859
the new island in the south known as Borazil
(Brazil ? , but these specimens cannot approach the j
produce of tlio Golconda mines in clearness and
hardness. The quality of the white Diamonds can-
not be ascertained until they are cleaned by the
Hukkdk in the whetting instrument, by being first
stuck to a piece of wood by means of shell-lac, and
then rubbed over by the dust of the black variety.
Like the Talc , and a species of yellow arsenic
known as the Bansi-patri Haritdla , the Diamond
is full of joints, which are in some cases so imper-
ceptible as to defy detection. In others they arc
visible to the human eye and can be opened out
by those only who are acquainted with the nature
of the thing. Those who assert that the Diamond
can be cut by glass labor under a grievous error.
Whenever it breaks, it always does so in triangular
pieces. This stone obtains different names, accord-
ing to its classifications. Nawsadari are those
| which resemble the carbonate of ammonia in color,
and whose inside is clear as looking-glass. Kabrasi \
are those which have a silvery hue. Those that
are white but have less of the intensity of color
than that of the Nawsadari, go by the names of j
Kaduni and Jdyoni. Some people give the palm
of excellence to the last variety. Such specimens
as have the color of the iron in them are known as
(medical practitioners), in combination with other
Mmdsh Ilddidt. The Diamond is incombustible,
but it can be burnt by the Hindustani Hakims
E — 5
substances, — tlie powder so obtained being said to :
cure several kinds of diseases.
The Diamond is a dry stone and possesses the j
coolness of the 4th class. Some ascribe to it
beating properties.
Marvellous and Medicinal properties.
If worn, the Diamond has the virtue of impart-
ing health to the body and of dispelling fear. It
assuages the sufferings of a tedious labor-pain and
brings on safe and speedy delivery, if tied round the j
thighs of the woman about to be confined. It de-
stroys all enemies, if worn in the arms ; and cures
epilepsy, if worn in the arms, after being cut into a
hexagonal shape. If, in combination with other
ingredients, it is used as a dentifrice, it renders the
teeth bright and hard. But it is better not to use
it for such a purpose, as the presence of a single
particle in the stomach may produce death. If
kept close to the teeth, it causes their fall. It is
a fatal poison. If by accident, some one takes
a quantity of it, his life should not be considered ]
safe, until ho is made to vomit it out by means of j
drinking a quantity of fresh cow’s milk, (without
being boiled ), or some heated clarified butter
(obtained from cow’s milk), or by any other means,
such as by applying the fingers to the inside of the
throat. The soup of some fatty flesh is then to be
given to the patient to complete the recovery.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
861
RUBY.
(a ) — YACUT.
Its Varieties , &c.
WHB Ydctit is one of the best of gems and
““ a favorite of men. It is found in a varie-
ty of colours — red, yellow, Kabul ( i.e ., black-
ish), green, white, and of the color of pestachio
nuts. Of each of these colors, there are different
degrees. Of all the specimens, that which goes by
the name of Romruani ( or, the color of the
pomegranate), is considered to be the best ; it is
very hard, spotless and has reflecting powers like
looking-glass. The largest and the properly cut
ones fetch the highest value. Of red Ydciits, the
following are some of the subdivisions : Surkho
humri, or very red ; Surkho ordi or rose-red ; Sur-
kho Narungi, or of the color of the orange ; Surkho
Jdfrdni , or of the color of the saffron ; and Surkho
Nemui, or of that of the ripe lemon. The following
are some of the varieties of the Kabud ; Kabud
Ashmdn Guni, or of the hue of the sky ; Kabud
Koheli, or of the color of Surma, (a powder ap-
plied to the eyes) ; Kabud Ldjeburdi, or of the
color produced by the combination of blue and Ash-
mdni ; and Kabud Pestai, or of the color of the pes-
tachio nuts, — a rare specimen. That kind of Ydctit ,
which is hard, clear, and has its color (whatever
862
APPENDICES,
it may be) evenly spread, without shoAving the
faintest tinge of any other, commands the admira-
tion of all jewel-mongers. The Ydcut is next to
the Diamond in hardness. The folloAving is the
order in the scale of hardness among the varieties :
Kabud, red and Pestai ones, and the white one. Of
the red specimens : Surkho Humri, Surkho Ordi ,
Surkho Ndrungi, Surlcho J&frdni and Surkho Lemui.
Of the Kabud ones : Kabud Ashmdni, Kabud Ko-
| heli, and Kabud Ldjeburdi. The perfectly red speci-
mens are called in Hindi, Mdnik or Padam, and in
English, Ruby. The yelloiv ones are known in
Arabic as Bosrdk, in Hindi, Polcrdj, and in Eng-
lish, Tuobus (Topas ?). The blue ones are desig-
nated in Persian as Nilum, in Hindi, Nilmund,
and in English, Safiar (Sapphire ?). The Ydcut is
found in the mines of sulphur and mercury. It
is knoAvn that this stone is met Avith at Pegu, but
the place about the mines is perfectly uninhabit-
I able, as the earth thereof is black and hard, and
frequently emits a sulphurous smell ; is surrounded
by large trees, and is dry and rent in parts ; and,
lastly, is the scene of a good deal of storm and
thunder in the rainy season. The Fakirs (Avander-
ing mendicants) and the poor, who with difficulty
collect stones from these hardly accessible mines,
have, according to the laws of the country, to sell
< them to the king. If a private party buys them
surreptitiously, and the fact becomes known, the
whole of his estate becomes escheated to the
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
863 *
Government. It is said that a certain king had once
attempted to proceed to the mines with a grand
procession to get hold of good stones, but he
could obtain nothing better than some small
specimens found upon digging the earth on the
surface. Ho had ultimately to desist, as the
unbearable smell of sulphur threatened the de-
struction of nearly the whole party. Prom that
period it was ordered that no one was to dig the
earth deep for search of the gem. The Ydcut is
also found in Borazil (Brazil?), in the new
Island discovered in the South (Australia?), and
in the Chhayan&t (?) Island. But the best speci-
mens are those that come from Pegu. The Brazi-
lian Ydcut is large and clear, but it lacks the
hardness of the Pegu specimens. No other
variety than the red one is proof against heat.
According to some, the red stones attain increased
lustre by being subjected to heat. Some, again,
assert, that the white Ydcut which shows through
it a tinge of reddishness, may be made red, by
being put in an earthen pot to heat. But prac-
tice does not appear to hear out the truth of this
statement. In fact, smoke, perspiration, oil and
bad smell all serve to affect the color of the Ydcut.
The YdciU is not affected by heat or cold. It has
the dryness of the 2nd class. The yellow varieties
have the dryness and coolness of the 2nd class. The
Kabud ones have the warmth of the 1st class, and
the dryness of the 2nd. The white specimens remain
the same either by heat or cold, and have the dry-
ness of the 1st and 2nd class.
Marvellous and Medicinal virtues.
The wearer of the Ydcut obtains satisfaction of
mind and strength of the brains. A durm dose
of it, taken internally, cures epilepsy, insanity,
cholera, and the spitting of blood ; causes free circu-
lation of blood throughout the system, and prevents
the devil ( Satan ) causing uneasiness of mind.
It cures all kinds of poisonings from snake-bite, or
from administration of poison by enemies. It frees
the atmosphere from the pollution engendered by
cholera. It purifies the blood, and brings back
to its normal state the fatally quick action of the
pulse. It invigorates the power of the soul. The
wearer of the Ydcut in the form of a finger-ring
obtains from the deity all the desires of his heart
and becomes proof against thunder-stroke and
cholera. Worn over the eyes or applied to them as
a surma, it cures all complaints of the vision ; over
the mouth, it takes away the bad smell of it, allays
thirst and gives constant satisfaction to the mind.
It brings honor to the wearer. The dose for
internal use is from one Mr at (karat ? i. e., four
barley-corns) to one ddng (16 barley-corns).
For a detailed account of burning the Ydcdt
to a fine powder, vide the work called Kerdbddin
Kabir.
861
APPENDICES.
CVvvvi
A TREATISE ON GEMS
865
(6)— LAL.
Arabic, Ld-dl ; Hindi, Ldl.
AL is a kind of precious stone of which no
mention has hecn made in the ancient writ-
ings. It has been distinctly stated by the authors of
Mundfd-ul-dhdzdr and Nabdboshdnd-d, that about
3,000 years ago, this stone was first found inside the
mountains of Badakshan rent atwain by an earth-
quake. It is a variety of the Ydcdt (though it is less
hard) , and possesses the same color as that stone,
viz., red. In some specimens it is reddish. It resem-
bles the red hue of the Irgu-dni flower. The mines
of this stone lie in Badakshan in the Turan countries
(Independent Tartary), and also in the southern
kingdoms (?). The specimens found in the former
place are better and harder. Those that are seen in
the latter countries are softer and a shade blacker.
It is recorded in the Arabic work entitled “ Azd-
dbul belddn,” that the sea-cows get the Ldl stones
from the Kokaf mountains, and put them on the
ground when they come agrazing towards the Sa-
randip (Ceylon). The stone-gatherers, who remain
concealed all about, then come out in stealthy steps,
carefully throw lumps of clay over the stones left,
and then retire. When, after grazing, these ani-
mals go back to the sea, disappointed at not find-
ing the stones, and fretting and fuming with rage,
those people come back and take away the precious
~
866 APPENDICES.
stones. The Lai possesses heat and cold in equal
The wearing of the L&l gives contentment, pre-
vents the spitting of blood, cures piles, and all
diseases caused by the increase of phlegm. Applied
to the eyes as a Surmd, the stone adds to their
lustre. The dose for internal use is from one Kirdt
or 4 barley-corns, to one dang or 16 barley-corns.
According to some, it is from 4 to 8 barley-corns.
proportions, and belongs to the 2nd class of dryness
Medicinal Properties,
A TREATISE ON GEMS
CAT’S-EYE
Its Varieties, fyc,
Persian , Juza.
WHIS stone is found in the mines of Akik, in
Emen, Ha-osh, Kambayet, and Guzerat.
It has joints in some of the specimens, as in Talc,
and has the shape of human eyes. It is found to
be of many colors : — white, red, yellow, and black. j
In order to make it more brilliant, it has to be
m s <>
cut first, and then, like the Akik, placed in an
earthen vessel and put to heat. BdbaguH is the
name given by the Persians to such stones as are
circular in shape and have their outside color dif-
ferent to that of the inside ; Solemdm, to such as >
are red or black; and Agenelhur (or Ldhasanid,
in Hindi), to such as are green, or yellow, clear, ;
and have reflecting powers like those of the looking-
glass. The last variety is met with in the mines of j
Ydcut. It is either hard or soft ; that which has |
two “ lines” in it fetches better value than others.
It has the dryness and coolness of the 2nd class.
I — 5
868
APPENDICES.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties
Tile Cat’s-eye infuses liilarity into the mind ;
cures pallor ; brings on safe delivery, in cases of pro-
tracted labor, if tied in tlie hair of the suf-
fering woman ; causes infants suffering from
hooping-cough, &c., to bring up phlegm, &c.,
when applied to their throat ; and protects them
from witchery and evil-spirits. It cures lacliry-
ma, if applied as a powder to the eyes, and
keeps the teeth clean if rubbed over them as a
dentifrice. Its powder ( obtained by burning) is
said to heal sores, if applied to them, and causes
new flesh to appear in the place of putrid mat-
ter. Its use is a safe-guard against unpleasant
dreams.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
8C9
PEARL
Arabic, Lulu ; Per., Maroioarit ; Turli., Ainchin or
Anchu ; Kindi, Muktd or Moti. The larger
varieties are called in Arabic “ Dur.” That which
is the only content of an oyster and is very large,
is known in Arabic as “ Dur-re-mucTcnun v or
“ Dur-re-etim.”
EARLS are bom of oysters and are either
large or small in size. The latter are some-
times smaller than pistachio nuts ; the former have
sometimes been found to be as big as the eggs
of sparrows ( Chataka ), and to weigh 13^ maslias.
But these are very rare. The white specimens are
the best ; they are lustrous, clear, and perfectly
round. The following varieties are recognized :
1st, the Bahrani or those which are found about
Baliran (Bahrain ?) ; 2nd, the Kormozi or those
that are produced in Kormoze ( Ormuz ?) ; 3rd, the
A mmani, or those that come from the country of
Amman (?) ; 4 th, the Surdi Sukul, or those that
in appearance resemble the Surdi, — the long-
necked drinking pitchers used by the Mahomedans.
The clean specimens are good, but they are infe-
rior to the round ones. The worst varieties are
those which are either yellow or black, and have
no lustre about them. Pearls are to be found in
the New Island in the South (Australia?), Borazil
(Brazil?), Chhayalan(?) and other islands in that
|
870
APPENDICES.
!
direction ; in Moorshedabad, in the big pond
known as the Motijheel ; in Sivagunj in Jahan-
gir Nuggur(?) ; and in some of the rivers in Sylhet.
These are all small, yellowish and dirty. The
few large ones observed are like peas in size,
reddish in color, and do not exceed 4 rutties in weight
individually. Those that have been described above
as found in Bengal are not real Pearls, but are some
sort of water congealed. The Pearl-producing
oysters are invariably found in deep waters and
are covered with black fibres like the roots of trees.
These are always associated with large pieces of
stones. When they feel hungry, they open the
sides and eat up all the small fishes, insects, and
moss that come in the way. With the in-
crease of the size of some Pearls, the oysters
begin to grow larger and the fibres surrounding
them get stronger. Such Pearls turn out very clear
and large. Pearls are born in the central part of
the oyster. As delay in taking out Pearls results in
their assimilation with the oysters, all large oysters
should at once be ripped open when found. It is
said that when drizzles of rain (intended for the
formation of Pearls), enter into the opened oysters
and remain subsequently closed inside for a length
of time in the depth of ocean, they become con-
verted into Pearls. There appears to be no founda-
tion for this statement. The real art of creating
Pearls has been faithfully described in the work
called “ Kerdbddin Kabir .”
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
871
In coldness and dryness, the Pearl belongs to the
2nd class.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
The use of Pearls conduces to contentment of j
mind and to strength of body and soul. The
burnt powder of this gem, if taken in with
water, as Sherbet, cures vomitting blood of all \
kinds. It prevents evil spirits working mischief j
in the minds of men, takes off bad smell from the
mouth, cures lunacy of all descriptions, and all i
mental diseases, piles, jaundice, all diseases of the
heart, intestines, and stomach, stricture and exces-
sive menstruation. Burnt Pearl mixed with water* i
and taken into the nostrils as a smelling powder, j
takes away head-sickness. The burnt powder j
used as a Surmd, cures conjunctivities, cataract, j
lachryma, the swelling of the eyes, the painful
sensation such as is caused by the entry of sand
into them, and ulcers. It gives them increased
lustre. TJsed as a dentifrice, it strengthens the
gums and cleans the teeth. Rubbed over the
body with other medicines, it cures leprosy and j
the white skin disease known in Arabic as Bahac, j
in Hindi as Chhip, and in Bengali as Chhuli. It
cures all skin diseases. It stops bleeding from cuts
and ultimately heals them up. Whether taken
internally or externally, it is a sure antidote to
APPENDICES.
poison. It drives away all imaginary fears, and re-
\ moves all bodily pain. To prevent its tendency
to affect the brains, &c., it should always be used
with the burnt powder of Basud and, in its absence,
with that of the white mother-o’-pearl. The dose
i of the Pearl powder should not exceed nim mes/chal,
or 2 ^ mashas.
The Pearl loses its color by contact with grease,
dirt, bad smell and smoke. To wash it clean, a
| quantity of rice mixed with water should be put in
an earthen vessel over the fire, and be taken out of it
when the water is a little tepid; then rub the Pearls
with the water for some time till they become clean.
I Very warm water may spoil the gems. According
to some, rubbing Pearls with well-ground rice
makes them quite clean. Some say that Pearls
can be very well cleaned if fowls or pigeons be made
j to swallow them up, and the gems got out, a
j short while after, by ripping open their stomach.
The he.at in the stomach serves to clean them
properly. It is said that Pearls lose their
| brilliancy to some extent in the morning and
evening. Kerdbadin Kdbir contains full instruc-
tions as to how Pearls can be burnt, assimilated,
and made into pills, powders, oils and majooms.
The following is one of the processes by which
burnt Pearls can be assimilated with each other :
Strain the burnt powder well. Put this into a bottle
of an earthen vessel ( Handi ) with vinegar, and hang
with some lime-juice, and cork it up. Fill up half
the bottle over it by means of strings from outside,
so that it does not touch the liquid. Cover the vessel
up with an earthen dish, and keep it under a heap of
cow-dung for 14 days. Then take it up, and after
opening it, you will find that the powder had, after
having been converted into water, become one
congealed lump. According to some authorities,
it is not necessary to pour vinegar into the vessel ;
the result desired might he obtained by attending to
the other conditions of the process.
874
APPENDICES.
I CORAL.
i *
| Its Varieties, &c., &fC.
Arabic and Persian, Murjdn ; Hindi, Mug A.
OTHIS stone bears a resemblance to tbe branch
of a tree, and is found to be of three colors,
— red, black, or white. It is to be met with
in Emen, imbedded in the earth under the sea.
The tree is about a yard in height and has a num-
j ber of branches attached to it, but these never
bear any leaves, flowers or fruits. By the help
of water and air, and nourished by the watery
substance attracted towards it by the sun and
the stars, it takes its birth among the surround-
ing stones, its size and magnitude depending on
j the intensity of the planetary attractions. It
is also found in the seas in Tulas and Andalas. The
following is the mode of taking it out of deep
water : — A long piece of rope, with iron and lead tied \
\ to its end, is dropped in a certain place over which
! ( a boat is continued to be turned round and round, j
till the rope gets entangled with the tree, and
brings it on the surface of the sea. Where the
water is not very deep, divers are engaged to break
the tree, tie it with rope and take it up. The cut-
ters have then to cut it into the shape of stones.
) The first class Mugd should be large, red, clear and
| free from knots and holes. The next class should
have the same qualities, except in color, which
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
875
should be white. The black ones come under the
category of the last class. The Murjdn has the dry-
ness and coolness of the 2nd, and according to cer-
tain authorities, of the 1st class. The black varieties
belong to the third class.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
A dose of Nim-Durm or 6f mashas of this stone
is considered to be a good astringent, and a
remedy for all sorts of bleedings. A Durm or 13^
mashas is an antidote to all cases of poisoning.
Worn over the belly, it cures all stomach-complaints ;
over the throat of infants, it stops their cries
and [protects^ them from fear and sudden starts
while asleep. The Murjdn has the same attributes,
when worn, as the stone known as the Basud.
A detailed description of the process of burn-
ing and powdering the Murjdn is to be found in
the work known as Kerdbddin Kabir.
F* 876
APPENDICES.
| THE EMERALD.
< ^ ~ ~ ^ >
\ )
\ I
! Its Properties, Varieties, &c. \
3fpHE Emerald has its birth in. gold and is al-
** ways found imbedded in the gold mines.
Originally, it was gold, pure and simple, its dry-
ness and hardness having gradually converted it
into a stone. Eor this reason, it is said that its
color is green. It remains in the gold mine for 21
years continually, before it becomes hard as a
stone. On account of their being found in the j
same mines, the Emerald and the Zuburzud
have been pronounced by some to be one and the j
same stone, but, in reality, they are formed of dif-
ferent materials, and consequently bear separate
names. The Emerald is capable of being cut, if f
s rubbed against a file. Those Emeralds that have
the color of the gold are known as Zahabi. Some
assert that the place where this variety is kept is !
never infested with flies ; but this statement seems
to have no foundation on fact. The Zahabi is
thought to be the best species of the Emerald. There
is another kind called the Sayidi, which comes from
Sayid Miser (Egypt?), and which, when looked j
upon, shows the reflection of a man with his eyes
shut. The variety known as the new Emerald
| is called Ra-e-hdni, after the Ra-e-hdn flower, the
green color of which it resembles. Fustaji is the
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 877
designation of the specimens -which have the color
of green mixed with black — Fustafi being the
Arabic for pistachio nuts. This is called the old
Emerald. Sul/d is the name given in Arabic to j
those stones which partake of the color of the
Persian curry, Chelcundur. Those that have the
color of the pepper are called in Arabic Junjdri ,
I and in Persian, JungdH. Kerasi is the Arabic term
for those which are like the Keras vegetable in
! color. Those that bear the color produced by the
mixture of white and green, go, in both the Per-
| sian and Arabic languages, by the name of Sdbuni.
But that variety is considered to be the best which j
\ is hard, clear, green-colored, and, unlike the Talc,
i free from joints and fissures. The Emerald has
the coolness and dryness of the 2nd class.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
Whether worn or taken as a medicine, the
Emerald bestows contentment of mind, quickens
the action of the pulse, gives nourishment to the
soul, heart, brains, and stomach ; cures epilepsy,
removes all bodily and mental pains, stops the vomit-
ting and purging of blood, is an antidote to poison
and to bites of wasps, bees, scorpions, &c. ; allays un-
healthy thirst, and is a sovereign remedy for jaun-
dice, liver-complaints, stricture, gravels, and leprosy.
If administered in quantities corresponding with
- jlS
878
APPENDICES.
the weight of 8 wheat- corns, to a patient suffer-
ing from the effects of poison or from the bite of
poisonous insects, it neutralizes its deadly action
— provided it is taken before the poison spreads
all over the body. It stops the flow of a fluid sub-
stance from the eyes, (caused by weakness of the
optical nerves), if it he applied to that part, in
the shape of Surmd or powder ; and brings out
all the impurities of the eyes if it is kept con-
stantly fixed before them. Its power of preventing
epilepsy having been thoroughly believed in, kings
and emperors were in the habit of putting this
stone round the neck of their babies as soon as
they were born. If it be set in a gold-ring and put
on a finger, it would cure cholera. The ashes of
burnt Emerald would heal up all ulcers if they
are rubbed over the parts affected. If, at the time
when Sol enters Libra (combined with air ?), one
Meslcal, that is, 4| mashas of Emerald, be set
into a gold or silver ring of the same weight,
and worn on the finger, the wearer would possess
the power of striking terror into the hearts of all
who would look at him. He would also attain his
cherished objects and would detect the presence
of poison, (that may have been secretly mixed
with his food), by the fact of the stone perspiring
immediately on its coming in contact with the edi-
bles. The possessor of an Emerald would never
become poor. If a serpent looks at this stone,
it is sure to become blind, or, according to some, its
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
879
eyes would constantly discharge a peculiar rheum.
But those who have practically put the above as-
sertions to the test have come to the conclusion
that neither the serpent becomes blind by gazing
steadfastly at an Emerald, nor the possession of
this stone secures wealth for ever. Many persons,
on the other hand, who had in times of prosperity
purchased Emeralds at a heavy cost, have been
known to dispose of them at a nominal price,
when fortune frowned at them. The dose of the
Emerald, as an antidote to poison, is one dang or
the weight of 16 barley-corns ; the Zuburzud of
the same weight may, in the absence of the Eme-
rald, be used for the purpose. To prevent vomit-
ting blood, the dose of the Emerald should be
one Kirat (Carat), or the weight of four barley-
corns. The stone called Mur j dn may be ground
into powder and given in cases of purging of
blood, when the Emerald is not at hand.
SSI
(^* 880
APPENDICES,
ZUBURZUD
I/s Varieties and Properties,
TT has been said by Hdkim Aristatalis (Aris-
totle ?) that the Zumarrtid and the Zuburzud are
found imbedded in one mine. The Zuburzud,
which is born at the time of the combination of
the sun, moon, and the star Zohul, is divided into
three classes : — 1st, the Misry, or those that are
found in Meser (Egypt), — green, or reddish, and
clear ; 2nd, the Kabrasi, located in the Kabras re-
gions, — a mixture of yellow and green ; and 3rd,
the inferior variety known as Hindi , on account
of its being found in Hindustan, — a combination
of yellow and red.
This stone has the dryness and coolness of the 3rd
(and according to Hdkim Altaki, of the 4th) class.
Medicinal and Marvellous Virtues.
This stone has all the qualities of the Zimdrrud.
It keeps the teeth clean, when used as a dentifrice,
and the body in sound health ; prevents the spitting
of blood, and the stoppage or the discharge of an
unusually small quantity of urine ; cures gravels ; in-
creases the lustre of the eye when applied to it as a
Surma ; and is a remedy for leprosy, when its burnt
powder is rubbed over the part affected. The dose
for internal use is half a durm. When worn, the
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
881
stone cures epilepsy, and lielps a suffering woman to
a speedy delivery, when tied round her thighs.
If one can cut this stone into the shape of a
boat, when the moon enters the Pisces, and use
it as a ring on the little-finger of the left hand, he
can secure freedom from all diseases and cala-
mities. This ring is also good for assuaging the
pains of delivery, when worn by the laboring
woman. If this stone be cut into the figure of a
fish at the period of the moon’s entering the Can-
cer, and be fixed near the fishing hook, by means
of lead, it will enable the fisher to land a good
number of fishes. It is asserted by the medical
authorities that wine taken in a cup of this stone
does not intoxicate the drinker.
APPENDICES,
THE TURQUOISE
Arabic , Ferozuj ; Persian , Feroza. ?
Its Properties , Varieties, 8fc.
WHE Turquoise has the color of the “cerulean
vault.” It is to he found in Nishapore,
Khozund, Kerman, Azro-i-jan, in the mountains j
that surround Shiraz, and in the Yinut provinces. ;
The largest, clearest and consequently the best
stones are met with at Nishapore. The test of the
purity of its color is that it should look bright by
day and pale by night. The Turquoise is divided
into 8 classes, viz., FataM, Azliari, Solemdni,
Purlui, Ashmdngum, Abdul FLdmedi, AndlesM, and
Gunjunid. The first five varieties have the Kh&ld
or earthy color ; the rest are found in the
Mountains of Yinut, and are considered to be inferior
in quality. The Turquoise can be manufactured,
by mixing five parts of fresh sulphur and one part of
mercury, putting the mixture in a cold ground for a
period of seven years, and exposing it for the whole
time to the rays of the sun and of the star called
Zoliul. Those stones that are found in Kerman and
Shiraz, have a tinge of the white in them, and are
therefore designated Sabdnagi or Sirboom. Those
that come from Nishapore, Khozund, and Azro-i-
jan, have a dash of the blue in them, and hence
their name, Nilboom. The produce of the Kerman I
mines now-a-days turns out better than that of the
Nishapore ones.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
The Turquoise has the dryness of the 1st class
and the coolness of the 3rd.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
The Turquoise possesses the virtues of the Bish
stone. It cures all diseases of the head
and the heart. By application over the eyes in
the shape of Surma, it increases their lustre, pre-
vents the fall of fluid therefrom, brings back the
color of the pupils if they get white, and restores
natural vision to those who are almost blind at
night. It is a sovereign remedy for hernia, swell-
ings, flatulence, dispepsia, insanity and ulcers inside
the stomach or abdomen. In combination with
other ingredients, it would relieve and cure the
pains and swelling of the body caused by assault.
Whether taken with other drugs or simply with
honey, it has the power of curing epilepsy, spleen,
stricture, &c. In cases of poisoning or snake-bite,
a durm or a quarter tola weight of Turquoise
should be given with wine ; for scorpion-bites, a
third of this quantity would suffice. But as the
above prescription may cause harm to the stomach,
it should always have added to it a quantity of
katild. Hakim Aristatalis (Aristotle ?) has limited
the dose to one-eighth of a tola. Worn on the
fingers as a ring, the Turquoise brings about happi-
ness of mind, dispels fear, ensures victory over
enemies, and removes all chances of getting drowned,
or being struck with lightning, or of being bitten
by snakes or scorpions. He who after looking at the
moon on the Pratipada (the first day after new-
moon), casts his eyes over this stone, becomes the
master of fabulous wealth.
n— 5
* 884
APPENDICES.
AGATE, |
Persian , AJcik. |
<
Its Varieties , &c. \
WHE hardest, clearest, and best specimens of ;
this stone are found in Yemen ; others are to
he met with in Kambalayet and in the banks of the
seas surrounding the Empire of Rome. It is
found to be of various colors, — red, yellow, white,
black, parti-colored, and bi-colored. But none
of these colors is durable. Surkho jagr'% is the name
given to those stones the redness of which is more
intense inside than on the surface ; Saf Sukkdk, to
those that are clear, and have reflecting powers like
those of the looking-glass ; Ndsdbagd Ga-e-SukkdJc,
to those which are not very clear and have not the
reflecting powers of the looking-glass ; Mlaki, to I
those which are partly white and partly black ; and ;
jatup kdti, to such as have joints like the Talc and
can be separated scale by scale. When taken out of j
the mines, the -AJcik exhibits very little color, but
shows a degree of clearness and reflecting power.
The following is the mode of coloring it : — Put an
Akilc inside an earthen, or, in its absence, a copper
vessel, half filled with water, and tightly closed, and
expose it to a brisk fire from the sides and a slow
heat from the bottom, till the stone attains the
desirable color. The lapidary’s work would not
affect this color at all. Sujri are those specimens
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
885
wliicli have the figure of a tree or hill in them ;
Jutap fcdti are also known as the Juzd. There are
other specimens which can be cut breadthwise and
which are, if possessed of circular marks, called
Huzur Solemdni , and, in Persian, Bdbdguri. All
these varieties are hard and form the ingredients of
; the Bish stone.
| The Akik possesses the dryness and coolness of
the 2nd class ; — the former in a less developed
t
j form.
Marvellous and Medicinal Virtues.
Various qualities are ascribed to this stone by
the Mahomedan authorities. It cures insanity,
when administered with water or with the sherbet
of the fruit Sheu (a kind of apple). It proves a
sovereign remedy for hemorrhage in the geni-
tal organs or in the rectum, for the spitting of
blood coming out of the heart or stomach, for the
unusual discharge of the menstrual fluid; for worms
in the stomach ; for swollen, hard boils and porous
ulcers ; gravels and spleen ; — when taken with
some medicine or with a quantity of water. As
a Surma, it adds lustre to the eyes. It prevents
the bleeding of the gums, and renders them hard,
when applied to the parts, as a burnt powder,
mixed with that of the Basud stone and that of
the Mdnvdris (?). It softens the anger of the
wearer and prevents his quarrelling with others. The
886
APPENDICES.
use of sucli stones (Alcilc Lahamikd ) as have the
reddishness of the water after washing raw flesh,
in the shape of finger-rings prevents bleeding of
all kinds. The wearer strikes terror into the heart
of his enemies, obtains his heart’s wishes from
the gods, and becomes free from pain in the breast.
He who attends the royal court, rubbing over his
mouth the oil of Jdytul (?), with camphor, musk,
and Alcilc, secures very great honors and the favor of j
the king and of all others. The Akilc confers upon
the wearer all the blessings that the use of the Tur-
quoise does. Its internal use may do harm to
the stomach, but this can be avoided by mixing
it with Katird or, in its absence, with the Basud
stone.
B ASUD-
Arabic , Kojul ; Gr. y Kojulun-nun ; Lat. y Kulure-un ;
pure Arabic , Ndsef ; Pers. y Basud .
TT would be wrong to say that the Basud is
^ the root of the Mur j an stone (Coral). It has
a distinct identity. It is a hard substance, full
of pores like the nests of wasps ; and is found
in the sea-shores in the kingdoms of Yemen, Am-
ban, Persia, Maidive and of the other adjacent
islands. The Basud, mistaken by some people for
a kind of sea-weed, is brought by the waves to
the shore, where, with the help of air, it gets hard.
To separate this stone from Murjdn with which
it is often confounded, the following experiment
will be found useful : Grind both the stones into
fine powder and put each in a separate glass mixed
with water. The vessel holding Murjdn will be
found to contain gelatinous substances sticking to
its bottom, whereas the one containing Basud , will
show no such thing. The best specimens of Basud
are red, clear, and have the reflecting powers of the
looking-glass. The white varieties are good to look
at. The black ones become very hard. Basud
possesses heat of the 1st class, and dryness of
the 2nd.
APPENDICES.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
Used as a medicinej Basud is a good astringent,
and prevents excess of urine or motions. It takes
away tlie mischief-making influence of the Devil
over the human, mind ; cures all kinds of ulcers, epi-
lepsy, insanity (caused by the combination of phlegm
and bile,) dyspepsia, gravels, spleen, piles, spitting
of blood of all sorts ; discharge of bloody rno-
! tions, stoppage of urine, and so forth. Half a
meskal, i.e., 2J mashas of Basud, mixed with half
the quantity of the gummy substance produced by
the Neem tree, and with the white of fowl’s eggs, is an
efficacious remedy for the spitting of blood, or for the
enlargement of the spleen, &c., &c. This stone takes
off all fleshy protuberances caused by ulcers, and re-
moves all signs of them, when rubbed over the
' parts affected. The powder, prepared from burnt
Basud, hardens the gums and takes off the swell-
| ing thereof. As a Surma, it gives lustre to the
eye, and cures lachryma. The powder got by burn-
ing the stone cures itch and prickly heat, if put
in bathing water and poured over the body. Mixed
with balsam oil, it cures deafness, when applied
inside the ears. Spleen, swollen body, worms and le-
prosy can be got rid of by taking four dangs of
burnt Basud with Sikun Zamin. But as its use
may engender stomach-diseases and give rise to
troublesome belchings, it would be safe to put
\ mashas of Icatira into the compound. Tied over
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
' r §}(©
889 **5
the abdomen, this stone is said to cure all diseases
appertaining thereto. If any one melts this stone
with equal weight of gold and of silver, and wears
a ring made of the melted stuff, — at the time when
the sun and the moon approach the star called
Zohdrd , — he is safe from epilepsy and witchery,
and will have no trouble in life. If any one burns
the black Basucl and uses the powder obtained
with the water intended for his bathing, he attains
great physical strength.
Break the stone into fragments and place these
in a vessel made of Courie. Put this vessel over-
night in an oven such as is used by those who
bake bread. Take the pieces out in the morning
and grind them thoroughly. Care should be taken
that the stone does not get destroyed by being
burnt altogether, in consequence of its remaining
inside an over-heated stove. For accounts of
medicines that can be prepared with this burnt
powder, vide Kerdbddin Kabir.
The Process of burning Basud ,
APPENDICES.
890
THE ESHUB
Arabic, Iluzrul Busuf ; Persian, Esfom.
Its Properties, Varieties, &c.
ypHE Eslitib, sometimes called tlie Eshut, is a
** very hard stone, possessing, in different
specimens, a variety of color. In the order of
quality, the species known as Jd~e-6ni, — hard and
clear as a looking-glass — comes first ; next, Subj-
md-en-zurdi, the color of which is a compound of
green and yellow ; next, Subj-md-en Safedi, a mix-
ture of green and white ; and the last, Kdfuri or
the white specimens.
The Eshub has the dryness of the 2nd class and
is cool.
Marvellous and Medicinal Properties.
If taken internally, the Eshub drives away fear,
increases the powers of the digestive organs, cures
insanity, and monomania of that kind which puts
the patient under the impression that he is being
beaten and abused by all men, and impels him
to return the compliments. If worn, it cures
stricture and the vomitting of blood that comes out
of the chest. If worn on the neck, it cures the
spitting of blood issuing from the lungs at the
time of coughing. Gravels can be got rid of by
making the sufferer take one dang or the weight
of 16 barley-corns of the ashes of burnt Eshub,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
891
j
along with the white wine. If tied about the thighs
of the woman under painful labor, it would
help her to a speedy and easy delivery. If worn
on the arms, it dispels enchantment and prevents
the fear of lightning. It would ensure release
from all bodily pains, if it could be worn, after an
image of a man has been engraved upon it at the
period when the Moon enters the Burj-dtusi. For
the purpose of wearing, the quantity, prescribed
by some, should represent 4 -| mcisJias in weight.
*
APPENDICES.
OTHER KINDS OF STONES,
The L&al is a variety of tlie Diamond and has
the color of the roots of the Coral. The slightest
dose of it is likely to be poisonous.
This stone is found among the stones in Arabia,
and has the color of the tusks of the elephant.
Rubbed into a paste and taken internally, it
cleans the body and gives it a brightness. It also
stops vomittiDg blood. If powdered and applied
against all kinds of ulcers, it cures them entirely.
As a dentifrice it keeps the teeth clean and streng-
thens the gums.
The best specimens of this stone possess a white
color, and belong to the 2nd class of heat and dry-
ness. One of its chief virtues lies in its power of
converting all watery substances into dry matter.
( 3 )
Arabic, Huznil Ashfd.
A TREATISE ON GEMS
893
It prevents vomitting blood, and its powder cures
all ulcers and the swollen parts of the body, if rub-
bed against them. If taken with spirits of wine,
or with any Sherbets, (dose, 2 clangs , or the weight
of 32 barley-corns), it proves to be a sovereign
remedy for gravels or pallor.
This stone is either red, black or yellow. But
whatever may be its external color, the stone will
always show inside a mixture of black and sky-
blue, when any of these gets broken. It is both cold
and dry. Its powder has the same medicinal effects
as the Huzrul Ash/d. As this stone comes to be
of constant use to shoe-makers, it has been desig-
nated Huzriil Ashdkef, the term Ashdkef, in Ara-
bic, meaning the shoe-makers.
Arabic, Huzrul Afroge or Huzrul Afrodi.
It is a kind of stone which does not sink in
water. It is found in Islamboul (Stamboul ?), in
the Homan (Ottoman) Empire. Its powder heals
all ulcers, and as a dentifrice, it strengthens the
teeth. Taken internally, it has an astringent effect.
An internal dose of one dang, or the weight of 16
barley-corns, is an antidote to poison by scorpion-
bite, &c.
(4)
Arabic, Huzrul Ashdkef.
(5)
894
APPENDICES.
( 6 )
Arabic, Huzrul Afreld.
This stone is neither too heavy nor too light in
weight, and neither too hard nor too soft. It
has streaks of lines inside it. It is found in
Afreeia (Africa?). If, with its qualities as to
weight &c., as described above, it is found to
possess an yellow color, the specimen is con-
sidered to be the best of all. It has the quality
of dryness in a very little degree. Its burnt powder
mixed with water cures all ulcers of the body,
when rubbed over them. But if it be applied to
painful parts, the pain will gradually increase. To
guard against this fresh trouble, mix it with
honey or spirits of wine. If the powder be mixed
with wax, it will cure all ulcers caused by burns.
( 7 )
Arabic, Huzrul Andgdtes.
Ip rubbed in water, this stone will render it
red like blood. It cures the swelling of eyes and
lachryma, if applied to them, after being rubbed
in milk taken from the teats.
( 3 )
Huzrul Bdraki.
This stone is very much like the cowrie. Some
specimens look like the palm of the hand, but they
are very thin. The stone is said to be born of the
lightning, in such places as Kofa (?). When the
lightning fluid falls on the water which fills up ex-
cavations and small holes in the ground, it floats
on the water for some time and then sinks under
it. The stone is found in these places when the
water dries up perfectly. Dropsy and inflam-
mation of the navel and of the whole stomach
can be cured by means of this stone, if used in the
following way : — Grind the stone into fine powder,
mix it up with water and then dry it in the sun.
Continue doing so till the powder soaks in four
times as much water as was first put in ; and then
apply the powder round the navel, in the parts
affected.
(9)
Huzrul Bah&ri.
This stone is white, round and hard. It contains
a kind of “ seed” inside, which makes a rattling
noise when the stone is shaken. It is always found
on sea-shores, and is considered by some to be a
kind of sea-animal, cast up to the shores by the
waves, when it is dead. But nothing definite has
yet been known of the thing. It cures gravel,
when taken in quantities weighing two dangs , or
32 barley-corns.
896
APPENDICES.
( 10 )
Huzrul Bohira ,
This is a stone of a black color, anti is so thin that,
by the slightest contact with fire, it becomes hot.
It has no healing properties in itself, but in con-
junction with proper medicines, it is found to be
efficacious in curing ulcers and swellings of any
part of the human body.
This is a black stone, found in Khorassan.
Taken internally, it cures the spitting of blood. As a
dentifrice, it strengthens the gums.
The Bar is a white, round, and clear stone,
found in the seas in the county of Hejaj (?). If rub-
bed a little in water and taken, it brings on
copious urine. Tied over the bladders, this stone
can bring gravels out of persons suffering therefrom,
with the urine which it renders free and clear. A
similar kind of stone is found inside the motlier-o’-
pearl in the oceans in Jiddah. But it is
black and very much inferior to the Bar. No one
has yet examined the properties of this stone.
( 11 )
Huzm'd Baram.
( 12 )
JhizriU Bar
(13)
Huzrul Bukur or Khuzrawol Bukur ; Hindi ,
Gcmdahan.
This stone is found inside the “ Bile” of the cow.
In size and color, it is like the yellow of the fowl’s
egg. It tastes very hitter. When it is taken out
of the stomach of the cow, it gets dry and becomes
very hard. It also assumes a black color and gets
wrinkles all over its body. This stone is sometimes
long, or round or triangular in shape. It can he
converted into any shape, when taken out of the
stomach where it remains very soft. Its weight
ranges between one and four meshkals. The vir-
tues of such of the stones as are born in the teats
of the cows have been fully described in the work
known as Fad-e-zuhur. The existence of this stone
in the body of cows is traced by their general out-
ward symptoms. Such cows as have the stone
in them get gradually emaciated ; the color of
their bodies becomes yellow, that of their eyes,
yellow and white, and they keep constantly
bleating. Of the animals so affected, only one or two
per cent, happen to have the stone inside their
stomach. The best specimens of these stones are
large and hard.
Huzrul Bukur belongs to the 2nd class of dry-
ness and heat. But Hakim A'ltaki (?) places it in
the 2nd class as regards dryness, and in the first, as
regards heat.
898
APPENDICES.
Its Medicinal Properties.
Huzrul BnJcur is less powerful in the art of healing
than the stone called Iluzrul Tis. It cures all boils,
swellings, ulcers and gravels, as well as exces-
sive discharge of urine and menses. It also relieves
the disease which is known to affect the left thighs
of little children in Bengal and in the North-West-
ern Provinces of India, and which is designated in
Persian as Bddbd-o-Khaf d-e-hdbid. If applied to
the eyes by itself or with other medicines, it im-
proves the vision and cures lachryma. Rubbed
over the body, it cures piles, ulcers, and white
leprosy, and other discolorations of the skin. It
brings on speedy relief from prickly heat, itch,
and other skin eruptions, if it is ground with a
little quantity of water, (in which the spice Dhonid
has been kept for some time), and then applied to
the body. In order to make hairs, grown gray
with white leprosy, resume their natural color,
root them out of the head, and put thereon the paste
obtained by rubbing the stone with spirits of
wine. It stops lachryma, if a particle of it, of
the size of a lentil, mixed with the juice of the
vegetable called Chelcend, is taken into the nostrils
as a snuff. If two bits of it (each of the size of
a lentil) be taken, after bathing, with some laxa-
tive, for some days, and be accompanied with the
diet of the flesh of strong and plump fowls and kids,
the patient must ere long become a strong fat
man.
>
A TKEATISE ON GEMS.
899
Head complaints are sure to follow, if the inter-
nal use of this stone is not attended with that of
Katird. Doses of two kirats (sixteen mashas) and one
meskhal, ( i.e ., 100 wheat-corns) are poisonous in
their effects. The stones that are taken out of the
bile of the cow are productive of better results
than those found in the heart of that animal.
( 14 )
Huzrid Bell&or.
This well-known stone is white and clear as
looking-glass. It is harder than lead. It can be
worked into cups, drinking glasses, plates and len-
ses for microscopes, &c. Kept close to a person, it
prevents his dreaming bad dreams and being a
subject to sudden starts while asleep and dream-
ing. Gazed upon fixedly for some time, this stone
cures lachryma. Rubbed over the teats of women,
in which the milk has dried up, it brings on a copi-
ous flow. It becomes very clear after being
steeped in sheep’s milk for some time. Cut round,
with a thick point in the centre, and gradually
thinned down the sides and then fixed on the open-
ings of the microscrope, it helps one in looking
over a great distance. If a glass is cut in a similar
manner and used with the same view, it serves the
same purpose.
I
j— 5
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I fa’W fw ^t?tt 1 1 qft*T qrrsrc^ to
t, %fqR ^r^TX^r ^*5 W^TT TTTf ^TT qrf^ Jjf%f
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A TREATISE ON GEMS.
901
THE VIEWS OF THE MODERN HINDUSTHANI
JAHARIS (JEWELLERS),
The Eighty-four Sungs.
It would appear from what has been gathered
from the Hindustani jewellers of the day that no-
thing like original authoritative views on jewels
were known among them from time immemorial.
The views of the modern jewellers are based partly
on Sanskrit, partly on Arabic, and partly on Per-
sian authorities, supplemented by their own opi-
nion, arrived at by practical experience, as to the
value, quality, or defects of gems. These views
have come down by tradition from generation to
generation and are now accepted as the recognised
opinion of the Hind usthani jewellers. The names of
the gems enumerated by them are, for the afore-
said reason, found in some instances to be in Sans-
krit, in some other, in Persian or Arabic, and, in a
great many, in Hindi, or a dialect of their own.
The Italians and other nations of Europe have
collected a much larger number of precious stones
than those enumerated by the jewellers of Hindus-
tan. The term by which modern jewellers desig-
nate jewels and stones is called Sung. The num-
ber of Sungs known to the jewel-merchants in this
country and in use among them is eighty-four.
These are the species that the Emperor Humayun
of Delhi was able to collect and with which Shah
902
APPENDICES.
* , qft «T *1*1*1
| farTT *1**1 ? W *T 8 «£ *r** ^TT
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j ^KT?ff TT^TT^I *¥'* ^faqi ^U¥ q*% *f% -31%,
| f* ^T^'H ^T *q> MTOTW* ^kisft WiT *1*
^iw tWT WT •? I *T^ <3*% TTT^t
| ^x** *r*^T* *t**t fw* qq* *rnn* *x*nnrqr
«TX* qfti *qi **Tfa-*f^ ^['7% q**qiT %?T. *^T
\
j 3 rt*t> f** qqj* ^q* *w^w %¥ fkv f**
* 1 *“ fire **Tfq-wfi**:i tqre *t*x
7% **t, *^ qftc *^ •wrf^T qf**fq5
} q^x*** ^q* 1 q^q*, qqqqrr *q* *J#i;f%qi
I nqRTgWW *fk «TTCT*re$ qilfi:** qilft-
ttIw irw *kT f^ri i *jTf*r f?re *q q^x
qifqqi *re quqrq<T q^qi q^ qqifa-q%*:qix
| •3rt*TT^TT’3T fqjqi |
\ wqftqft* qf%i qq *<qqiT qiq qi** q* i
fire qq T^i f**?;q qn^TT %qire* ^qqrt qfe
fire qq xm fq*nre ^ti^t *f% qq;xqr* #,
I qiq* V ‘ i qft ftq> *Rqit q}**
I *rxqqr, q>qq ftt* qffc q>q* qqq ^ f?rq ^nftq
| freT* qiTW q* ; q\ t^j qi*q ^qq* qqxq sffier
j fire qq q<sn; qqq* arq^TT ft* ^ f*q qq qsq*
1
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
903
Jelian decorated tlie Tajmekal, with mosaics re-
presenting the figures of birds, animals, trees, and
so forth, thus giving evidence of the vastness of his
wealth, the depth of his regard for the Empress, and
the extraordinary skilfulness of the Indian artists.
The cruel hand of time has now defaced much of the
beauty and splendour of the Tcijmehal, by causing
the disappearance of most of the stones that form-
ed the mosaics. The names of the eighty-four
Sungs which have presently been collected from
Hindusthani jewellers will be found in due course.
In consequence of the inability of any single jewel-
ler to enumerate all the eighty-four specimens,
they have been collected from a variety of
sources, and it is therefore not unlikely that among
these eighty -four kinds there might be some which
have in one place been set down by their Hindi
names and in another by their Persian designations.
Jewellers divide gems and stones into two classes,
viz., Bir and Gudud ; i.e., transparent and opaque.
These two kinds are subdivided into three classes,
viz., Kusme A'val, Kusme Doyem, and Kusme
Seyum. The nine precious gems as recognised by
Sanskrit authorities come under the head of A'val.
Other stones used in jewelry come under the class
Doyem ; and the rest, out of which cups, mortars,
pestles, and the like, are made, come under the
designation of Seyum.
With the exception of the Pearl, Cat’s-eye and
Coral, all stones are generally cut into any of the
^ 904
APPENDICES.
firrtwTg faq qiTtTT,
^twa t* > frnr qq qiqq tqq ^ nffrruT Ttwr ^ i
*rtf?r, w&mt ^wt ^t^i 'sfrx qq qwi
f>qq\ ^T3*IWTW, 'qH *Tf? q 5 #! HIZ
'w'VfTT # l qnqqiN ?rr qf?i qqiq ^qfarr
f ff^t WT7 ; ^T33VtWT ?rzw\ ; ^qrqq
TTRi q^T** $\k*\ qtqq *ftej ^riz^t
^Tl "sffc qfa qf fan: q? 5 ??!' # I
IfT^ WTZ fe^Ti qfa*faT #3% ^qqV qfairZT
I’fff T? I faq W faiq t^qq JTTW qi^ qfa %
^qqt z\m ^z Tqiq qftq qiY ’sri* Tqiq ^wqiqq %,
*«?ft g^T *%\z t^tt^t 1 1 *ircf wrt qqfar
*efaq qqfaT WivT ’qfa feqi qiqqi qqiq -ffaq-
qiq^iz qp?q ^ I -ir^f ’ETIZ qx^qiT qqiq ’ffaq
^T^mr xijz qfk *frf qnsn^>q% qqi?ft m
^rf =f I
% 'itxi I — qfanq\ qqqrrw, q'faqw, qqsfft, q^q
C^qr qr^T 'fftiqY qqq qr?q q\ qq%
'BIX qfal WT^ftt qqiq ^Tq qqq
^q^fit qT*r hit qqqqi qrsq #, *\xv qkiqq^
qiT^^i ftqq qi<*r qfal #, q^
^TTR, I'? ^tWf W TkT HTfHTqi! qqqq # ),
ir 'O
qp^, q^fa, qqT, qfai, qn^T, q»q< qffa
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
905
four shapes or ghats , viz., Kutbi, or the oblong
shape ; A'thonyds, or the octagonal ; Sonro, or the
shape of the heart, and Gerddd, or the circular j
shape. The Kutbi is called ChouJchontd, when the
stone takes the shape of a square. The A’thonyds
is called Thas A'thonyds when the facets of the
octagonal cut are so small as to render the surface
almost circular, and Tuld A'thonyds when the stone
is cut into an octagonal figure a little elongated.
When the Sonro becomes almost triangular, the
cut is said to be TeJcond Sonro ; when it takes
exactly the shape of a pan or betel-leaf, the cut is
called pdn ghat. When the gerddd takes the form
of a Bdddm or almond, the cut is known as Bdddm-
chd ; when it is oval, the cut is called Tiildni Ghat.
1. JELird — The following are the varieties of the
Diamond : — Goldb'i (rose-red) ; Bu-
nuspati (green) ; Nil Bajra (Blue
Diamond) ; Basanti (yellowish
white) ; Guruch (a very hard Dia-
mond,) with a thin skin called chat
or Abruck on the surface. Such
coating may be taken by soft Dia-
monds owing to the unskilfulness
of cutters. The wearer of a
Diamond defective in this re-
spect is liable to death. Kulthi ;
safed (white) ; Bhurd (ash-colored);
Bild (yellow); Katd (black as ink);
Kuf (of the color of the catarrhal
mucus) ; and Yogid.
k
906
APPENDICES.
sftRTCT m WTfl # | itWSTT,
fW7T, TIT^T ^ qqiTTqn
^qq 'ffriq Tt?ll iT I tHt$ faq^q Wt I
fa* ^TfTT ^Wt qW*TT 'qqq qi^q !
^ I ^TTi faq^q qJT^T’?^ 3 ^ qf qft
qrt qqq x* , ^tjsrV fwzT q?tq qr?q
X, fwzi ’ll qiT^TT Ttq*T qu^TT fW2T,
qiq itqq qqq fwzT> qT ^Tq <fN
qfte qfq^V qqrq 'rfqq q*T fwzr qr?q
C\ )
** I qfaq tt 4 q^qq ^q^Y ari^r
qi^q ^ i ’tkiq Tqqif^qi fw^T
tw qft xx twziqtsfitT q^f twr wt^t
# qffa ^\X XW ^TTrTT #, ^qq?r
^qq qr?q # l fqq ^Vrqi q? ?
s
qqiq qf% Ttqi #, q^q
# , vx qraqqi q^qq fqfqi q" i
^T7T I
i
^ qifaqi I — qfaiqq ( qq qrq ), fqq^fr (
q«iqTqq» qq qrfw qfKiq ), m^Tqq(fq^-
^tt qri^Tq ), 'Jjqrg* (q^qq), qnqqnft,
qnqq^ qfo qrq^T ( qq?q ),
XX^ q»q qTqqiT qifqqi ’ftaT # I fqq
( q>TiT ), v*x\ (v*% tot qife ^iq)>
(
Fni
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
907
following
four defects in
recognised : —
2. Manilc-
Tke
tlie Diamond are
Puchhnd , i.e., tlie fissures observed
inside the Diamond.
Chhitd, i.e., the red spots (mixed
with black) observed inside; Kdld
chhitd, i.e., the black spots seen in-
side ; Ldl closh, the red spots ;
Blair a chhitd, the ash-colored
spots.
Gdra, i.e., holes observed on the
surface of the Diamond.
Bhiimur, i.e., very minute spots
visible at times in any portion of
the Diamond. According to some
jewellers, Khunrild, or irregularity
in the cutting of the facets, is re-
ckoned as one of the defects of
the Diamond.
The Turrauli sometimes passes
muster for the Diamond.
■Cholabarna (deep red); Binaud (red
with a tinge of black) — a defective
specimen ; Tdnjavcit, with fissures
— a defective specimen ; Gulgun
(Avith a shade of yellow) ; A'tlasi ;
A’ tad ; Khayrd (of the color of
the catechu).
The following defects are re-
cognised in the Ruby. Chir ( fis-
sures) ; Budhuk (milky imper-
fections) ; Ahruk (scales like those
of the talc) ; Bdblid (absence of
“ water”) ; Binausi ; Bdrek, (fis-
sures and milky imperfections
combined) ; Jutld ( the presence
of a yellowish hue in addition
^T5T ^TTT ), ( qifa «TT j
T^?TT ), qfT^T ( f'<W *JTW ),
(qTRT 1 ?^), fafH$ ^T^“
q*r ), wr^tt ( fsmTw qitwT^ ^rr
SfiWm ) ^ 35R TOW
# i TrTfir^^ iiZT rtsi i
^ ^r^siTl — qnrarcfa ( f%wt^ ^rtw% ki^tt),
wriN ^rc), wT*ret<T
(3TO), f%^%c? (f%TO TO 5 * T^TT),
^W^tTT^T ( TO qfpTO )> TjfTO ( ),
^fro^r *rft ^Trr ▼* i fro rt^t,
tt^c ^ frT^V tow ^tto*t
#1 ^rT ^ *!?TTO ^irq
ti%t
sfi=f^ # I q^fTOqiT %‘lZI ?Pff?iq>|*
8 *Ttfft I — fro?ft ( ^TO* 5 * ), sfiT^TT-
q**), TOiwrft *rr?n*nft (*topr)> ¥^
m f^.°H (^ TOfa), ^fro
( *TO ), f«IT*fa ( TOT«T W^TC),
^T%^r ( , TO:PT *f*),
fV^ft TOT ( ffam ), ^ ( STt^
* cr^tow *iT5(T jRtsfrirr q*; qqj \
r qrcsfaqi t, wwifaq? mUm srqqt, q? sq$qi qgg<r ;
Wjfa Tf^JT f , ^■^ ?T5!T^ ^fsffr snf qT*IH?T JTC j
jt5 i ^ 5Rtc q^fsram TOi *?fq w, qft sw^tto qra i
qq; qrafaqr t ; (S) ckpft *m siTwr 1 1 qft
’f^q? stto qfrir 1 1
3. Laiuniyd-
k.
to any defect) ; and Javld (the
presence of rose-red or black color
in addition to any defect).
The Nurum sometimes passes
muster for the Ruby.
-Kanak-kshet (like the eye of the
cat); Dhum-kshet (smoke -color-
ed) ; Sydm-kshet (black) ; Ghiu-
kshet (of the color of the ghee) ;
Kalcuttdkd (born in the new
mines ) ; and Sdnyd (having no
“ lines”).
The following are the defects of
the Cat’s-eye ;-*—Chir (fissures ) ;
Chadur ( “ lines” covering all
the surface) ; Gadur (transparen-
cy in some portions and opacity in
others).*
The Karhetaka sometimes passes
muster for the Cat’s-eye,
Moti — Miydni (blackish) ; Surmay'i (a little
blackish) ; Ghundkhan or TamoM
(with a tinge of red ) ; Burabl or
Kurkur (small-sized and not per-
fectly round ones) ; Biherin (lead-
colored) ; Kachiyd (pale-colored) ;
Kdliel (very white, and found at
Bussorah) ; Singli (yellowish) ;
TutgnH (bluish) ; and Jdddm
khdri (greenish).
The following ghats or cuts are
approved ; viz., Sird, Gol, Kumur
* Bi-colored Cat’s-eyes have inauspicious properties in them. One
such specimen is in the possession of Rajah Rajendra Mullick of Chore-
bagan, Calcutta. This stone is alleged to have caused the death of his
third son who used to wear it.
The author of this work has in his possession one Cat’s-eye which
bears upon its surface the mark of the letter S ; the first letter of his
initials.
ifarnpi ), qffc wifV ( *qw-
qq ), qf^ q»q ^fTri^T *frfq 'tVm ^ i
*W, 7Tt^r> qr*TT RTTT ^>ftl«T qft
'qiT *] 1 # I qft trt^ qfq
^ ftqi fqnr qqw Ttrrr # I fair qqw
qtfqqiT •TT^fT, (0 fWH?t, (\) qfcl, (k) ffa
qfrT, (a) (*0 *it*tt, (f ) nffaiqr,
('») w^tht, («) ^rt, (<«) qW^f, (?o)
( n ) ^ q»q^> (?*)qrqT,
(^ ^) ^TT^qT, (* 8) f%% ^T^T, (\ <i) fq^fa
qnqqT, (\$ fqqzt ^rT*TWT» (va) qm,
M l^T qTTT, (\£_) qn§T qTTT, 'sft*
(^o) I TPCW (TT^i ^FT «T? ^T*l),
q%7: ( wt$ TItT^I qsriq ^FT ), qifqiq
( ^tf ^7p?q q-f TItT ^rT TSTqq wti
TTtT ), q^T ( ^fft #tt 7 TtT )» q^r<T
( ztqrqirT ) ; qf 5 )’ q>q qqiRqiT q^q
TftlfW # I rTTTR-^t ’affc qft
ft ^TTrrqiT *ftf?r ^TT^T f 4 , €f%q cRI%qr
qrrqqiT 7ftf% qqq qu^T q*i
TTtfqqiT <IITT fqqTrft ft ft I
^ ftw^ I — Tftw^qiT wt •STTrT V , fqq, fq^T qft
qft ftq q^n^T qftq fft^ f i
fft^T WTZF g^TqT I
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
911 ^
and Para. Each of these four
cuts is divided into five classes.
The following are the names of
the twenty kinds into which Pearl
is thus divided: — 1, Kulki ; 2,
Sira; 3, Chauth-Sird ; 4, Sujni ;
5, Gdbhd; 6, Khari Gdbhd ; 7,
Tir-Gdbhd ; 8, A'n ; 9, Kumur ;
10, Khari-kumur ; 11, Tliethi-
Icumur ; 12, Butla ; 13, Ansa ; 14,
Sinti-A'nsd ; 15, Chikni-A'nsd ; 16,
Cliipti-A'nsd ; 17, Pdrd ; 18, Chu-
bb a-p dr a ; 19, Kara-Para ; 20,
Tiliyd.
The following are the defects :
Guruj (holes on the surface ) ;
Zaher (small holes) ; Bhurkun
(both large and small holes) ;
Chord (very small holes) ; Ghufut
(depression in portions).
The Tamcld and Tutguri speci-
mens are good. But the Kahel is
The j Beldti moti (or the imita-
tion Pearl that comes out from
Europe) sometimes passes muster
for the genuine Pearl.
5. Gomecl — There are no varieties of the Zircon.
Chir, Chhitd and Abruki are the
defects observed in this stone.
The Turslidvd sometimes passes
muster for the Zircon.
6. Munga — There are no varieties of the Coral.
The mixture of any color with
red (which is its true color) is re-
ckoned to be a defect in the Coral.
the best of all specimens
912
APPENDICES.
$ *3TT \—' qq 5 * ^t?t # i wqT
w ftqu w fqfqrr ftqqqt T,*m
^%q ft<TT # I ^TqT WTZT «firs^r I
^ t?T^TT l qqm\ qqqq^T, z\^% qi, qq^qr, qqT
^ WT'WT^ qT^T qi^ m ^TfT # I
wfr qftq qf^ qq qmqi qi*riqV qq^
, q 3 K ^T^t q^ ftft *TTqq fqqq ITfl ^ |
^T^TTqH f%q ^q W^TTqft qift
qfH q^qiqq t%q ®rq qqq Ti^TT^rt qiqt
q^ q ^ i T^q qfaq qrq^ qri^T qfk
qiT^t ^TT^Tq # I fq% TWr, ( W-
% wiqi ), qtw ( qsr^ ^qq^rc qifq ),
qif^sft ( qqpiq fqfe% ^tqqil WRI^T ),
^t^T q^fqq (qqffaT ^tt^t^t qqiq ),
qT^q qft qq qqrcqT q*tq # i qi^T
%I7T qq'g i
cr g-qr^rq I — q^ qk sfarc qft fqq qmqi
gqmq TffIT t I qrfaqq q> «rr qjqq
qt qq qqq l^qiwqqt ^ I qcfqqiq
qtfqqT qfk frqfr q^ft ft ft qqq # i
qq^ qf qT faqqq qnq qw fqqqqiqt
qtfqqT qk qifq qifq ftq^T T ^~
^rcqt ftqir qqq q^T qraT ^ i 3 ^t-
qiqqi m?\ frqqT i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
913
(
The Kdharbd sometimes passes
muster for the Coral.
7. Pdnnd — Purdni ; Murgujkd ; Torehd) Pey ale-
ltd; Nayd and Jdhdji. Each of
these varieties is divided into two
classes, viz., Kdlii and Dhdni.
The former represents such speci-
mens as have a tinge of black in
the green of the stone ; the latter,
such as have a tinge of yellow in
the green. The latter specimens
are admired.
The following are the defects of
the Emerald : —
Chir ; rekhd (streaks) ; AbruH
( a shade of smoke ) ; Gdnjhd
(imperfection in the “water,”
such as the presence of bubbles,
&c.) ; Bdhini f natural imperfec-
tions hidden by the ingenuity of
the setters or cutters) ; Ddnbhd
(marks somewhat like the spider’s
web, on the surface).
The Puygu sometimes passes
muster for the Emerald.
8. Pukhrdj — Safed (white), Zurud (yellow), and
Nild (blue).
The defects recognised in the
Ruby are also recognised in the
Topaz. Besides, there are two
other defects, viz., Yogiyd, (presence
of a tinge of red with the yellow)
and Dorunga (presence of yellow
in certain parts and of some other
color in others) .
The Soneld sometimes passes
muster for the Topaz.
914
APPENDICES.
*.5?fal l—gmTT ^ ^fa> WT?r # |
^t?fr fair 3?t gfal, !
^n^nrg fair srg *ffaT ^?k gfar g^
v> \
fag VfjTfa fagW ^ I gfal3iT ^TTT I
%° W*S I— TW W WT» TO?W ^g^fr farifafa’
*r?g I, g^ g^ir gfag ^t^t gfa
'ffaT * I
\% I — *TTfasjfa ^TfT, TV *lfaR ^gii
gifa^fi ^T^r? ’gt^gg ^8 *:fa#i ggt f^gg
^g^st gp?r 1 1
^ gWt I — gfaggiT %fag gfagir g^ggg,
T,gg gfar Viw* -rrcTT % I
\ $ gggg^ I — T^T vw ** U*TTTrr*faT %fag
^ra^T, g^f gm g’WTTgfa ifag
g^g ^faT % I
*8 3**rt*T I — ttot tv gfaigfag fag aHr greft
ffaT t, g^ g^ ^ ggg ^ i
grfagi i — *jTrTT*niT ^ttct, irfgrg ggrgigfa g*;g
gffa T^m TV gtifaT Wlfa^fi ^gy tT I
gfagT |— TtwggiT TV gg% ggTg ^gir gfagr
gi'fT WT^T ^ I
*\9 5Rg I— grfa^^T g> tv siT^fag fag
^ir grjur i\m * i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
915
9. Nild — Purand and Nayd. Each of the two
| varieties is divided into three
< classes, viz., Subj-pun Nild (with
I a tinge of green) ; Lal-pun-Nild
| (with a tinge of red) ; and deep-
| blue.
j The defects peculiar to the
I Ruby are also recognized in the
Sapphire.
The Lili sometimes passes mus-
ter for the Sapphire.
10. Paras — Sanskrit name, Sparsa-mani. Color,
i black. Tiiis stone does not admit
of good polish.
! 11. LalH — A variety of the Ruby. Color, red,
like that of the rose. It is called
Lai, when it exceeds twenty-four
rutties in weight.
12. IAll — An inferior variety of the Sapphire.
It shows a faint tinge of yellow.
13. Turmuli — An inferior variety of the Topaz.
It is found to be of various colors,
but all of a light description.
14. Turshdvd — A very soft stone. Color, yellow,
with a dash of reddishness.
15. Soneld — An inferior variety of the Topaz.
Color, golden.
16. Dhoneld — The Soneld is called by this name
when it shows the color of the
smoke.
17. Nurum — A variety of the Ruby. Its color
; is a mixture of red and yellow-
| ishness.
916
APPENDICES.
I — tto vw fair *rfarsfr
•sfar ’f' |
*<* q&qrT ^t ^msfasT i-m Tip ^I^rtTJT faq ^3-
5 RT^TT Tt?TT # |
<TT^T l— TTT^T TIP faq ^ir
*Ttm % I
I— T*q?T IT ^TTTf #, qq^rqq fag
TTOT W^T ^ifir TT^T
^RT^ qR^ffa 'if, ^faq q?qft ■** I
«\ OS*
I* TTWtTt I — T^m TIP W^TT^fT 'ft <71 %,
^tt qq t^r ^rm ^ I qfa
TW ^R’^tTT T^T qjfarqqn qiZWTTT *RI-
qq^Pl
^'ffaqf I— TW[ W ^ TRiTT^T ftrfT #
^TT, ^^ri«TT ^T Wfa T^Tf^T T& T*TT-
K* l-TWT Tip *fhf *faTqq faq *rq qfT
^T^T 'ftcTT ^ > qqqqiq <*ftq T^fiT q^Pc^
<TTfr: T K fiTq ^ I qfqrT ^T ’TTrf^rT qqi
ttstt v° Tqqfa faqrqr, qqq?T
xTrf, TTfT^T Sfifa ST^tW
^q>T q^ffanr qsTwqrqf spjq IqqT, qfaq
qTfT^R*t q>¥T, qft ^TTq T^^T qTtfJT
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
917 ^
18. Sindiiria — Its color is rose-red with a tinge
of white.
19. Kathela or J dmuniya — Its color is black with
a tinge of red.
20. Tdmrd — Its color is red with a tinge of
blackishness.
21. Sung-e-shum — It is divided into two classes.
Anguri are those of which the
color is white with a mixture of
green ; Karpuri, those that are
purely white. The latter speci-
mens are better than the former.
22. Sung-gori — It is found to be of various colors,
having streaks of white on the
surface. Jewellers carve cups and
scale-weights out of them.
23. Hakik— It is found to be of various colors.
Toys, cups, handles of sticks and
other such things are carved out
of this stone.
24. Imnl — Its color is deep red with a tinge of
blackishness. It is much ad-
mired by the Mahomedan nobi-
lity. It is said that the Emperor
Mahomed Shah had once purchased
a piece of Irani of ten rutties at
600 Rs. and given it to a jeweller
to be tested. The jeweller asked
the Emperor to test it himself,
and directed him to tie round it a
piece of thread and throw it into
the fire. This being done, it was
observed that the thread did not
catch fire at all. Upon seeing the
result of his experiment, the
Emperor exclaimed to the people
present — “ Behold the way in
which this stone should be tested.”
APPENDICES.
918
WfffaiT ^IrT <55*1%
^ *rf VT^TOi ^TUT^* W f^TT, ?nF
^<T ^T 7 T^ o^'fT 5 Tf%, ^ *?TrT^T
C\
*r*r, ^ tto
’R'Tfqi^ TtfTI T* I
^ W*TT I — ■'fifar^i'fiT «TT«T» T*3?T W
ifti ^ *ff*TT*r TO
\»
** TiWre TF^^iT ^WT ^TrfT ^ I ^T*T
\>
TO*?ta*T^ f%V ^rtT^T^T
ZlfiW *f>RT*^ TO iP »
TO* xrftWT ^ I
WTT7 1 — T'pif«fiT ^TW, T** WT=5®T *fTO *f%
•rtflT ^f, ^ mz\XJ ^TTf^
**T^ # I
^ *^*IF I — TTOT W ^t?l% *TTf^ *t^T
fro W* ^VrTT # I
*hp€t I— *TfaTOT ^Trf, TTOT T.W
*r f**T ■rtcfi ^ I
v>
I— T^T VW 5RT^T, %fTO T*^i
^CT ^RT ?TO f, T^ft ^\K tV*
T*^ * 3 ?* s ^FiTO ^ I
3° I — *ti*I*V *TTW^R TR* ^if-
3 ^* 1 1
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
919
25. Pituk Bujhdbd — A variety of the Crystal.
Color, white. This stone shows
forth in the front a rosy hue
if a rose is placed behind it.
The Crystal image of the idol
set up by Rai Luchhmiput Sing
Bahadoor, in the temple at Moor-
sliedabad, is the best specimen of
this species of stone.
26. Sung-rdt — A variety of the Emerald. It
does not admit of good polish.
Circular plates, cups, &c., are
formed out of this stone.
27. Gau-dantd — Its color is white, with a yellow
tinge resembling the teeth of
the cow.
28. Singl'i — A variety of the Ruby. Its color is
a compound of red and black.
29. Solemdni — Color, black, with white streaks.
It is much liked by the Europeans
and the J ews.
30. A'lemdni — The Solemdni is called by this name
when it has an ash-like color.
APPENDICES.
*TT I — f^T ^ ^Tf?^
*niT33iT ^ qTET^ ^71 ^^T
'ftrir I
3f%3T I— T^T TO ^T^T, ^ TM^t it^T«RT
^TlfcF^i ftqjifT T'STi ^T I
^ I — T^T W *TpT
fsfi^**T 3r?W 1, 3^*r VFT^T ¥TW 'Ttrll # I
^8>^5T 1-^iHf tfT^ ^rT TTW^iT^sr ^>7TT
■f , T^fiWfjT fip^PW # I
>)
€r?: 3Rtr *rnpft ^ ^fk t*
^5fi ^Tri w *rc^-
*TT$^T 'ffafT 1 1
H top* l— ^ i^t *rra, top toto. ^t^t
^5T ^rfl I, tiTfnr ^TT^T 3ff%
■TtflT t I f%*Trf tTpsU^T
VtfTI ^ I TTT^f^
^«TT T? I
^ I— T^r^T TO f*ro 5Pr
’SfaR 'rTTH tT, ^STORPI
T^fqfiT ^PTT% WtT *fiTO * t
^\q ww*pn 1 — T^T TOP *nff3T ^TT ^li
*nfa*6 'iXm % mz\xj ^ w
^«TT^7T T I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
921
31. Huzrul- Ydhu or Hduver — Its color is like
that of the clay. It is a good
remedy for diseases of the urine.
32. Teliyd — Color, black. It has a sleeky ap-
pearance, such as is shown by
things rubbed over with oil.
33. Bilor — Color, white. It is called Crystal
by the Europeans. It furnishes
the materials for chandeliers and
the like.
34. Bertij — Its color is much lighter than that
of the Emerald. Its mine is situ-
ated in the country of Tont-tord ,
in Hindusthan. According to some
jewellers, Beruj and Tor a belong
to the same class of stone. The
latter, however, shows forth a
tinge of yellow.
35. Murguj — A variety of the Emerald, of a
beautiful green color. But it
does not possess what is techni-
cally called a very pure “ water.”
It has a larger number of mines,
and fetches much less value than
the Emerald.
36. Madid — Its color is black with a mixture
of ashiness. This stone is very
heavy in weight. Beads for rosa-
ries are made out of it.
37. Sung-Mtisha — Color, white, or like that of the
mud or of the mouse. Cups and
mortars for grinding medicines in
are formed out of it.
922
APPENDICES.
^ I— T^T KW ^RI^TT Tt?rr t)T^ W,
fT^T^T ^«TT3'?T ! I
^<e fqrftf^r I — T^T VW fwZT-
^ .
f I
8® ^rs^faw I— OTIT W WPS wt^T
^gsrilmr %t ^wrpt ^far *t*tt s^t-
% I f?R ^n 7T €V?TTT, ftr^TTT
irf^ii; i T^fmi ^prt
■0
fsr*R% fww ttR^t t^tt *r^?r t,
STtWi;, ^T^TT W^TT^T TWT
tr^ir ^ ^srt fasrcrs; ^\x
^T*T T*IT ■#, af^TOTT
®N ^
5R¥<1 ^ I
8 \ I — T^HtT W ^TT^r, ^ *ftf %^I-
*n*T*T 'Ttrn T , w «m[ ^
fw^T to 3 t,
-X *!> .
^ I
8^ l~TWT TO 5 'TtrTT t, TO
WT ^ft^TinTITTT^T^ TO^T
5TTOTO ^T?f %, W
f*r^TT TTto ^ftsF^FSTT TO^T T I
8^ fr^TTO^ m ^tWT*f% | — f;^T ^Ht ^flT
% wfaft ^T^T *rfTO ^f% ^VrfT * I
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
923
38. Sung-Dlieri — Color, black. Mortars, cups and
hilts of swords are formed out of
this stone.
39. Pitonia — Color, green, interspersed with dots
of red.
40. Ddhun-firung — Its color is green like that of
the Pestachio nut. Beads for
rosaries are made out of it. This
stone consists of three kinds. Put
a few drops of lemon-juice over
a piece of steel, and rub this
stone over it. If the mark, pro-
duced by rubbing it, is found to
be of the color of copper, the
stone should be considered as
belonging to the Lokrai kind ;
if the mark be of the color of
silver, the stone should come
under the class Misrdi; if the
mark be of a golden hue, the
stone should be designated Teliydi.
41. Sung -Simile — Its color is either red, yellow,
or blackish. Dots of white,
yellow or red, are observed on
this stone. Cups and mortars are
formed out of it.
42. Sung-Murbur — It has an ash-like color. It is
found in the mines of Mokrdnd-
gdrd and brought over in large
quantities to Jeypore. When its
color is observed to be a mixture
of red and white, it assumes the
name of Mokrdnd.
43. SohdnmalcM ■ — Color, blue. This stone does not
admit of good polish. Dots of a
golden color are observed on some
of the specimens.
M — 5
^X sjrtT qtqqjT fwZT twr
^TlfTT % I
88 qrqq^ I— W ^XW, qftq XXXiT
^fT rTlIt^ q>Tq t I qq q«qq ^q^ft
^Tqq qq^T TtflT #, %f%q XX Xfx
q^q x ^tx q^ xxs\ fqqk *ft?ir ■? i
8<i. qTqq’S?: I — f;qqiT XW XW$ qifaqi
^tm #, x^xvx fax qriqi qiq
qqii ^xx qiq^iqq fqqqi qri7TT^% xx q;qi
^TrJlI# I
8^ ^Tf^T I — XXXX W X\-X[ q^qq W
WT x\xj X\ i;qqiT q€t qqi 1W #,
fq^% fqq fqqiqil smsm-qi qizt^r-
®\
qq qq ^qq xx fqqqq i\x xnx ^ttit ^ I
m fqjft^T I — xxxi vw ^niqTqt, xx xmx qf%,
x\faxx qq^r ^>qr t, qrrir^ ^nfq
•V s^> 'J
qqiqq ^ i
8^ q^ f^qq i — ^qqq vw ^t^tt, ^qq q^
qftq mxx xw ^qq q i
8<e qqT \~XXX! qip W *ftq^q x\ €rT ^T
X\x % Tqqqt q> xx tjw <$x f\qT 1 1
y.® wrfr 1— ^qqiT xw qrrqT, Tqq q\wt qm
qq^T xixx ^T i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
925
44. Zuburzud— Color, green. Maliomedan gentle-
men have a great liking for tliis
stone. It is found in the same
mines as the Cat’s-eye, but it has
not any streaks over it. It is
very transparent.
45. Pdy-Zuhur — Its color is ashy white. It heals
ulcers caused by the action of
poison, when it is rubbed over
them.
46. Zuhur-Mura — Its color is green with a tinge
of white. A cup formed out of
this stone neutralizes the effects of
poison that may be mixed with
the thing placed in it.
47. Ferozd ( Turquoise) — Its color is sky-blue.
It is not a stone but a kind of
Kunkur. It is used for finger-
rings and other such things.
48. Sung Eudrnt — Color, black, with white and
yellow veins.
49. Gubd— Color, white. The description given
for Sung-gori applies to this stone.
The Gubd, however, is softer than
that stone.
50. Kasoti — Color, black. This stone is used for
testing gold.
APPENDICES.
1^ l— S5T ^ ftcIT
T^fwr q^ q>^?r #,
1^ I — f^f«fiT ^ WT *TTW T*W
qf%¥ ftm ^ T^e% ^rrr jt «RTq?r %
W V7B[X srarsi^ ^nfta, #f%«T
T*3iT W TTT^lft ftrfT t,
qfa ftm % I
1^ ^T ^IWI'frT I — TW’nffi *TTfa%
^%iwRT *RT^T, *WW WPlS* ^
ijwt f w vx ^w*r tttt ft ^nm t 1
°\
1« ^SRI I— TTO KW ^TCWraT
^T5T <jfoj fHjft *RI*t ^ I
11 wfwtf i-ito kw 3zrr[ v^jxm ft ?ir I
fk ft%qrr *nfaq< f§?7T t;wr
^STTrfT t", ffakft T^ft ^«R^r ftfIT I I
1^ I— TW TW ftSTT %TfIT I, ^qiT <8^
«l7rf W7TW ft^qiT fW3Tl f* I
^\3 WW^t I — *1 ^n^Tqsr f%f qn^IT
ftox %, T^q> ^rx^qi *xxfaqi
^ITfTT ^T I
1^ qrf^T I — i;qqu srife qrxw ftm
\>
t, ^ir qqxq?r f i
A TKEATISE ON GEMS.
927
51. SunJchid — Its color is white like that of the
conch-shell. It is used by Eu-
ropeans for lockets and held in
much favor by them.
52. Dur-e-najuf - — Its color is like that of the green
paddy husk. It is used for finger-
rings and admits of very good
polish. It looks like the Zubur-
zud. But its color is either
deeper or lighter and much clearer
than that stone.
53. S'ir-khari or Sung Jurahut — Its color is like
that of clay. Dolls, toys, &c.,
are made out of this stone. This
stone quickly heals up all bruises
if it is rubbed into a paste and
applied over them.
54. Ddrchand • — Its color is like that of the Cin-
namon. It is used by Mahome-
dans for beads for rosaries. '
55. Sung-Sitard — It is of two kinds. It has dif-
ferent colors in the specimens, and
has dots of gold intermixed with
them. It is capable of being
imitated by lead.
56. Ldjburud — Color, blue. Dots of gold are
observed in portions of the sur-
face.
57. Sung-mukri — Color, black, with a tinge of
white. Its surface looks like a
spider’s web.
58. Ludliid — Color, red, like that of the magenta.
Einger-rings are made out of this
stone.
928
APPENDICES.
ULe. I— T^T ^ q?w^:
*\Tj{ ^*t<n if^vr qf%*r
i ^TT^T TfcTT ^ I
fTSTT^ I—' T1 ^nfa^T f%*T zSV ^5T 'Ttfir
*\ ^I^T qf%* Tt?fT t,
tjfgn; <*ri7T?r 1 1
^Wtl-OTW^fei snr *rnrarr*ft
ftm I, f%?? i
^ i—tw w ?ram‘f^ w*
*TTfaqi 'rtffT % | ?Tf^ ^rnnft
*RFft 1 I
f * fafft I — VW ^PsTT, ^ Wi WT irt^T
fwZT *T*r*T 'TtfTT % I
\2 I— T5«T *n%t> *uf%«R ft? IT % I
^ *wre I — *rpshrti stt?t i
Q I— T$ *IT ^f^iT
^*IT t^TT WlfTT ^ I
^\9 ^TW*U*ft l— fti^T^fNiT ^TTrr, T$ *tTOT
W[H*a Ttm t, qft ^3iT TfaT
^TTflT % l
f « ^tfj^TT I — ^TT^tq^r f%*T "ftrlT
HtW q^?T f^SRT ^TWT f%q-
*rTfaq» sft^T ^ftq^ t, ^ f?q<
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
929
59. Sung Bdnsi — Color, light green. The stone
is softer than Sung-e-shum, and
admits of good polish.
60. Hdbds — Its color is green with a tinge of gold.
It does not admit of good polish.
This stone is used for medicines.
61. Safari — Color, sky-blue, with a slight tinge
of green, like that of the crow’s
egg-
62. A'bri — Color, golden, with a shade of black.
People of moderate means make
finger-rings out of this stone.
63. Chiti — Its color is black and it has golden
dots and streaks of white oyer the
surface.
64. Pdthuri — Its color is like that of clay.
65. Sung-lds — A kind of marble.
66. Sung-Sibdr — Color, green, with asli-colored
streaks on the surface.
67. Jajemani — A variety of Solemdm. Color, ash-
like, with streaks of an ashy color
on the surface.
68. JDdntld
-Color, white, with a mixture of
yellow, like that of an old
conch-shell. The stone is found
in the mines of the Diamond and
is very transparent.
930
APPENDICES.
wt Tt?ii q^ q*fq
qTTqq q^f qq^T Ttm # I
(£<« qqqq I — W qfSiqq f%q 5 ?q q>T^TT
^tqT t, Tqq qrqrTqT qqTqq t I
\s° ^Trq» qT qqqT i — vk qn^r, qt ^q^i
Tiqq qtwiq ^nqi *t, q^ ’qT^ q%q q¥
q7qT qfqqq qtwiq irtf qim # , qffc
fqq q^TWt^ fqqiqhlt q^T 'fYm ^ |
'©f <3qq I— ^qi kif qTqiqqrc 'rmT q , %f%q
Tq$ qqq qTqrqqfTT qw q?T ’qqqqi q^q ^ i
^ i — qqqqqqqiqT T^qiT qitqT
sqqTrq q?qq ^r\ ^q^ w fqq qq«T?;qjr
qiqi T$m qrqf w q*Yqi $ * l
\s| qftqq !—■ tw qf q^, s;qq ^t^t qf%q
'itqT q I
'©s I— i;qq> w qfarq\ ' i;q% qq* q^ q^
f^zT qqq # l
^ I— Tf q>wi qifq»qi t§Y?tt #, qrq
qqTqq q I
\sf •qqfqqi I— Tq^ w qfq? qrrqiqq fqq ^-q
qYqiqY qtqT f, Tq^ qrq qqiqq # I
'S'© qiqq I — Tqi T qq^T qtqiqY, ^qi q^ft xrq
Tjq q, fq> qq q<8K ^q?:% qifw qtq # 1 1
* ?rft oiTcf^T qqr qiq?: nsq ?jqqqiq qfnq;^ qfaiqq # i
t qq qTqqiT qiqqjft 3tfqi qrq^qiq qf^qii qfaiTq qq t i
69. Pun-ghun — Color, black, with a tinge of green.
Toys, figures, &c., are made out of
this stone.
70. Patlak or Patavd — Color, red. If worn on
the neck, this stone is said to
cure giddiness of the head and
such fever as comes on only at
night.
71. Upul — It is found to he of various colors,
having a shade of blue over the
surface.
72. Gundri * — It is parti-colored, like the cloak of
the Fakirs (singing mendicants).
73. Muriyam — Color, white. It admits of very
good polish.
74. A'juva — Its color is rose-red, with large dots
over the surface.
75. Dumri — Its color is like that of the catechu.
Mortars, pestles, &c., are made out
of this stone.
76. TJmliyd — Color, rose-red, with a tinge of
black. Mortars, pestles, &c., are
made out of this stone.
77. Haluni — Its color is pale rose-red. This stone
is elastic like the India Rubber.
* A specimen of this stone is in the possession of Rajah Rajendra
Mullick.
f Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
N— 5
\®« I— imTqq 5?ir qqw
'ftm 5 ! i
fct wt^t I— T^= qqsrqq f%q ^T^rr ^?ir t,
qrqq ^ftf?r fq?m # I
«® 5Rt^T I— T^% Tf ^q^qq f%t a?q qTCT^ *$tm
f , isnf qifa q^ ^tm t,
q<?n: fftTi ^i^nf qq^T ^ # i
** qqqTfaq i— -^q$ w q^Tfqq f%q
qq;^ ^?it 1 1
^ ^f%^R fqrqrerc i— i;qqf qq*ri qra
fq^T f, ^ qj<qq qq^T Tt?TT
f;qq gqq*n"q qftq qrqq<T qr^n qqiqq =? i
^ wsw i — Tqq> tip ^t^t, fwn: ^iffor
qTfqfqt fqqjq t 5 ?^ #, q;qq ^tt^r:
•s ^
^Tcr'? I
«8 wfqqT mw mm, qiqiqquqqiT
*rrq qqiqw =?* I
* *q^ qiqefiT, qgsii, qfqir, sjqqi qqft qrfq
^ScT i{m*M q5S?q qslqq xrrq 511? 1 1 qiqqr
€t qq< qrq qir qsgq sft qhft .( fqqqq ^qqrr fa* % tqq ti^tt
5iiq § )qq qfcft faq qrq qjqqqqifqqi^t qqqqq H'fr’ctq
qfcrii qffeqtqq bt|«: fa, qq , sir*, qqT-
qx qfaxq qm qiJi? j^srq % i
78. Simg-juv — Color, green, with a mixture of
black.
79. Khdrd' — Color, black, with a tinge of green.
Mortars made out of this stone
are used for grinding Pearls, &c.,
in.
80. Kansla — Color, white, with a dash of green in
it. It has very good “ water,”
and is found in the Diamond
mines.
81. Miik-ndtis — Color, white, with a tinge of
black.
82. L labile Kulbdhdr — Its color is a mixture of
green and yellow. This stone is
born in the waters, and is used for
beads for rosaries.
83. Sung-Surmd — Color, black. The stone glit-
ters like silver. Its powder is
applied to the eyes by the Hin-
dusthanis.
84* Sung-siya— Color, black. Figures and statues,
&c., are made out of this stone.
* Besides these there are several stones of an inferior variety, such
as Lulled , or Bast, Subjd, Dhonled , Jurda , Dhusri, &c., found in the
Vindya mountains and other places. A platform made of Lulled over
which the throne of the king of Gour is said to have been placed can now
be seen in the “ Emerald Bower,” the country-seat of the Hon’ble
Maharaja Joteendro Mohun Tagore Bahadoor, c. s. I. It was brought
over from the ruins of the capital of Gour, in Maldah.
934
APPENDICES.
WTT3iT 3TC T I
Wt* *re 2JT ^T^r XTT^t
= ^ ST^iT
^jterr^^rr
= ft 3T3TT
Wt^fTT ^T
= faft ST^TT
'STpSTW
= ^ttT 3m
^jTTrsft ^jt tn«ft
-= Tft 3m
ft#
— ^1 3T3iT
I#
= ^TTfft 3m
3T^T
= ^fT3 3m
= ?T1T
= ^*i3m
= wrf 3T^rr
^JTH TT^FT
= 3m
sfTCFr
= 7t^3m
■gW
' *“> \
= 3m
T^FT
= iftf 4 3m
ft# ^T5T% ~i\\
= 3T^fT
1# wtcr
= 3WT
3T<S TreTTt -£\\
= ^IT3T^ 3m
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
935
1
Conventional Terms used by the Jaharees in valuing
Gems and Jewels.
Man or bun or Ayrun Pao
1 Rupee.
Sowan or Th£el Pao
=
2 Rupees.
Ekoyayi or babur Pao
=
3
yy
/
Ayrun
=
4
yy
Sut pao or Palo
=
5
yy
Chitti
=
6
yy
Bull!
=
7
yy
Thai
=
8
yy
Laili
=
9
yy
Dhaus
10
yy
Man barhate Dhaus
=
11
yy
Sowan „ „
-
12
yy
Ekoydyx „ „
=
13
yy
Ayrun „ „
=
14
yy
Sut pao y) „
=
15
yy
Chitti yy y,
16
yy
Bulll ,y yy
=
17
yy
Thai „ „
=
18
yy
= s>f%3i3rrr
^fT
= <n^rr
= JT^iT
^T5T TT^TTT ^jf
= TTTW 3T«FT
wfar^; TT5T7t w
= Tt^zm
^TRn^TT5T%
= ZT^TT
^rPTT^fr WTTT^ W
= trf%*? zim
= ^TfsnETST^iT
lift TTST^t ^?T
= ^T7TTT^3WT
ZV^ W[-%T7{ w
= ^T3TT*!3T^T
TRT^ w
= ^rfasr 5WT
HT*f ?rft 31*1$ f^5I fa$tw
*1^91, ’f T5TTC, 4k
swsutt i 3iw ’wt jti i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
937
P
Laili barh^te Dbaus
=
19 Rupees.
Slit
)>
yy
=
20
yy
M£n barbate Sut
—
21
yy
Sow£n
)>
yy
22
yy
Ekoyayi
»
yy
=
23
yy
Ayrun
»
yy
=
24
yy
Slit pao
))
yy
=
25
yy
Chitti
))
yy
=
26
yy
Bull!
))
yy
=
27
yy
Thai
))
yy
=
28
yy
Laili
yy
yy
=
29
yy
See.,
&c.,
&C.
The term man (one) may signify either one, one hun-
dred, one thousand, or one hundred thousand, and so on,
according to the proper worth of the jewels, the valuation
of which has to be determined. So, with regard to other
terms. These terms are used by Hindusthani jewellers among
themselves, in the presence of lay customers, in order that
they may be kept in the dark as to the real price of gems.
OTHOTJGH tlie language of Nepaul differs widely
^ from that of Hindusthan, the names of
jewels and the manner of examining them as
known in this country are just the same as in
India. The fact of Hindusthani jewellers taking
over jewels to this country and selling them at
high profit precludes the possibility of any one
hut the very rich buying them. Mines of Tur-
quoise only are observed in this country. But the
specimens found here are not of a good color and are
consequently of less value than those seen in the
mines in Persia and Afghanisthan. Turmuti is
sometimes seen in the borders of Thibet, where
Pearls and Corals are taken from Nepaul for com-
mercial purposes. Sindurid — a light-colored variety
of the Ruby — is also sometimes found in that
place. This stone is sold in India at 2 or 3 annas
a rutty. Sung Musd, Sung Dheri, and other such
stones are found in the hilly regions of Nepaul. The
people of Nepaul are excessively fond of Pearls.
% CCORDING to the Burmese jewellers, there are
no written works on gems in the Burmese lan-
guage : or, at least if there are any, they are in the
* Materials supplied by Major Bissonath Upadhy&ya, representative
of the Court of Nepaul, at Calcutta.
f From Mokho Mia Sahib of Mandalay.
NEPAUL,*
BURMAH AND SIAM.t
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
939
Royal Palace and are not accessible to the general
public. Burmese jewellers always examine precious
stones and gems by sight. They are well convers-
ant with the method of testing the Ruby, Sap-
phire, and Topaz, and such other stones as are born
in their country. They have learnt something
about Diamonds from India ; and of the rest of
precious stones, their knowledge is limited, perhaps,
beyond the names which they have converted into
their own language.
Sira.
The Diamond is divided into four kinds ; viz.,
Afiu (white) ; Abd (yellow) ; Anneyh (black) ; and
Ani (red). The black spots in the Diamond aro
known among the Burmese by the term Meh;
fissures, hy the word Pajirn ; and absence of water,
by Ainauh. Unlike other nations, the people of
Burmah keep the raised portion (Akai chhun) of
the Diamond on the top ; and the fiat surface
[Tabid) on tbe bottom. The best specimens are
those that are known as Lecle , i.e., heavy stones, of
the first water (Aiye ledundeh). The Tuldni ghdt is
called the Aiyd, and the Gerclcld ghdt , Kobdyi.
The square cut is termed A/cobd Leddyun — the
best cut recognised. The Diamond is designated
in Burmah by the word Chela, which is the Burmese
for arsenic, perhaps, on the ground of both posses-
sing the property of destroying animal life. There
are no Diamond mines in Burmah.
940
APPENDICES.
Mdnik.
The very red specimens of the Ruby are called
Menyu guni khanu yanglie. The rose-red ones
( called Pdniydng) are not considered so good.
A'niomoy , Aniji, and Anideh are the different names
which the Ruby assumes according to the degree
of excellence which its color possesses.
The following are the names by which the de-
fective varieties of the Ruby are known : —
Aiyode (those that have their red color mixed
with black) ; Noli (those that have milky imperfec-
tions) ; Aiye Zoye (those that have their color deep
in one part, and light in another) ; Aiye le (those
that have no water) ; and Aibo, (those that have de-
fective water).
The Ruby mines lie at a distance of ten days’
journey from Mandalay under the mountains in
the northern portion of the country. The num-
ber of mines lying there is three; these are
called Mono, Ka-de, and CMpkin. The Mono
mines produce the best specimens, and foreigners
are interdicted access to them. These mines are
leased out to some of the rich people of the coun-
try. Specimens exceeding 1,000 Rupees in
value are not allowed to be taken out of the
country without the knowledge of the King ; those
that are sent out are done so with some stratagem
or other. Rubies in their rough state are called
Kenu Sd or Ai Ai ; when cut, they are called Tabid ;
and when polished but not cut, they are termed
Tanjin. The weight of a Ruby now in the posses"
sion of the King is one Ticcil (one tolah, six annas,
and three pies).
The names of the best specimen of Sapphire are
NUd, Nilchdddun (of the color of the wings of the .
bird known in Burmah as Nilcha), and Seiyaun
(of a faint tinge of green). The Burmese agree
with Hindusthani jewellers as to what constitute
the defects of the Sapphire.
The Topaz and the Sapphire come from the same
stock, and differ only in color.
Burmese jewellers assert that the same system
of testing gems obtains in Siam as that which is
adopted in Burmah. There appear to be no strong
grounds for not accepting this statement. Siam
was at one time subject to Burmah, has its language
somewhat similar to that of the latter country,
and produces the same kinds of stones as are found
Names of the nine precious Gems.
English.
Diamond
Burmese.
Chein.
Ruby
Budmiya or Clioni.
Emerald
Topaz
Sapphire
Zircon
Pearl
Coral
Cat’s-eye
ChSno.
Gomok.
Pa-le.
TadS,.
MiyS.
Outflya.
NilS.
942
APPENDICES
in Burmali. It stands to reason, therefore, that
the Siamese system of examining gems is not un-
like that of Burmali.
Sapphire mines have recently been discovered in
the provinces of Battambonej and Chantaboon in
r > i • ^
E regret that we could not obtain from the
people of China living at Calcutta such in-
ation regarding their jewelry as one might
e to possess. The few merchants who live at
ick Street failed to give us any information,
inquiries, however, met with some success at
’ollock Street, which represents the firm of
srs. Hangpo and Co. The gentlemen connected
this House were inhabitants of Canton, and
good enough to impart us such information as
had at their disposal.
ie following lines embody the result of our
iries at the above-mentioned office, supple-
ted by such other light as could be gleaned
. histories and works of travel,
ie Topaz, Ruby and Sapphire are mostly found
hina. The Topaz is used by all the noblemen
le country. The Chinese Sapphire does not
3ss as good “ water” as the Siamese stone, but
olor is pretty good. The Diamond is observed
mb* -
CHINA AND JAPAN,
in. certain portions of the Empire, but not in large
quantities. The Cat’s-eye is also sometimes seen.
It is somewhat blackish in color, and its “ line”
is not particularly good. The Chinese trade in
jewelry which they bring from India and America.
The seas about China and Japan abound in Corals,
and the neighbouring people deal extensively in
them. It is customary with the rich in China to
wear costly apparel on birth-day anniversaries.
Such as are dressed in red wear the yellow stone,
ie., Topaz ; such as are clad in yellow use the red
jewels, i.e., Ruby or Coral.
Five principal gems are recognised in the Chinese
religion, viz., Ruby, Diamond, Pearl, Emerald,
and Coral. The Sapphire and the Topaz are classed
with the Ruby — the difference being in color only.
Like the Hindus, the Chinese believe in the fact of
these five gems being respectively presided over by
different deities.
The rich men in China make use of jewels with
a view to prolong their life. In order to bring
about good or to prevent mischief being done, some
people wrap up the five principal gems in small bits
of paper in which are respectively written the names
of their presiding planets, together with those of the
moon and of the twenty-seven stars, and suspend
them before the entrance to their houses. Others
burn the contents of the papers and use their ashes
with wines. According to the laws of the country,
no one could wear jewels more precious than those
944
APPENDICES.
used by the royal family. It is related that during
tlie reign of Kiaking, Kienilung, his favorite minis-
ter, had the audacity to enter the palace wearing a
big, rare Pearl on his person. His body was hacked
into ten thousand pieces, the whole of his estate
confiscated to Government, and his family all
banished out of the Empire.
The Pearl is the most favorite gem of the Chinese.
The hand-fan is one of the indispensable personal
ornaments used by noblemen on festive occasions,
and these fans are invariably found to be studded
with small Pearls. Small Pearls are also used
in the fringes of umbrellas and in the body of the
umbrellas themselves. They enter largely into the
workmanship of the red silk cloths whereon the
rich men sit, as also into that of any apparel which
they use for covering their body. Like some other
nations, the Chinese use Pearls for medicinal pur-
poses, chiefly with the object of obtaining physical
strength. Pearls of all shapes, such as the Pacific
produces, are often set in gold, converted into the
figures of cats, dogs, men, &c., and placed in the
Buddhist temples and other sacred places. The
skins of Pearls of a less value are sometimes put
by the rich over windows, lids of boxes, handles
of fans, and frames of pictures.
China abounds in various descriptions of marbles,
Porphyry, Jasper, Quartz and other inferior stones.
J apan yields a considerable amount of revenue
to the Government by its mineral products. No
A TREATISE ON GEJ1S.
945
Diamonds have been found in this place, but Agates,
Carnelians, and Jaspers are met with, — some of
them of great value. Nearly all parts of the coast
of Japan supply Pearls, frequently of great size and
beauty.
Pearl-fisheries in Manchooria and elsewhere and
such like sources furnish an important addition to
the Imperial revenue of China.
Names of the nine
precious Gems as
known in
Canton.
English.
Chinese.
Diamond
... Chunsydk.
Buby
... Seflayusyak.
Cat’s-eye
... M&uji gan.
Zircon
... Pisl.
Pearl
... Chunti.
Coral
... S&u-lio-cM.
Emerald
. . . Luksyak.
Topaz
... Silangsy&k.
Sapphire
. . . CMngsy&k.
AFGHANISTAN.*
CtEMS and jewels are in less use among the
people of Afghanistan, Turkistan, and other
countries in Central Asia, than among other nations
in the continent of Asia. As a consequence, no
works exist on the subject of jewelry in Pushtoo,
* From Moulvie Abdool Huq, the son of Mollah Habibulla, a learned
man in the court of Kondul Khan, Governor of Caudahar.
the language of the Afghan nations. Jewels are
called in this language by the term “jaMer.”
The examination of gems is conducted by sight
only by Halcims and Moulvies of note, and no
nobleman in this country would purchase any
jewels without consulting with them. It is the
opinion of these connoisseurs that none but the
virtuous has any right to the use of jewels.
Ldjburud, Akilc, Pirojd ( Ferozd ), and Sung Muk-
shiid are generally found in the country of the
Afghans. The last mentioned stone is to be seen in
the city of Candahar. Ruby is found at Badak-
shan, but it is far inferior to that of Burmah.
Pearl is called “ Murgulur” in Afghanistan. Dia-
mond, Emerald, Topaz, Ruby, Zircon and Sapphire
are never born in this country. These stones
are known to the people by their Persian designa-
tions, the Pushtoo language having no words to
represent them. The Cat’s-eye is called by the
Afghans by the term Pishi- Tarsi, but it is not a
production of any mines in this country.
Pirojd (Turquoise) — This stone is found in abund-
ant quantities. According to the learned Mo\d-
vies, cataract in the eyes is cured some time after
a Turquoise, set in a silver ring and dipped into
water, is applied over the parts affected, — the appli-
cation being accompanied by the chanting of the
name of the Almighty.
Sung Mukshtid — A very favorite stone with the Af-
ghans, and used by them for beads j
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
947
for counting their prayers. A
rosary consisting of the best speci-
mens of this stone fetches from
Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 in value. The
Halcims use this stone rubbed into
a paste, as a remedy for cholera.
Kdhdrbd — The color of this stone is yellow like that
of the Chdmpd flower. This stone
is used by the Afghans as a capital
tonic. The Kdhdrbd is found in
Arabia and Egypt, and is known
to sell for from Rs. 3-8 to Rs. 10
per tolali. It is used also for beads
for rosaries.
Mur j an — The Coral. It is given by the Hakims
as a tonic, with powdered gold.
Ldjburd — Color, black, with dots of gold on the
surface. The Sirdars and other
noblemen grind this stone into
powder and mix it with the paint
with which they have the walls
of their rooms painted. Worn on
the neck by young children, the
Ldjburd protects them from
witchery. It is also used for medi-
cinal purposes.
Solemdnt — Beads for rosaries and finger-rings are
made out of this stone. The
Solemdni has the power of keep-
ing off all earthly woes if it is
p— 5
kept in tlie house. It insures
the owner victory over his enemies.
Mollalis of known miraculous
powers can give life to this stone
hy incantations, and can, by means
of such a stone, disenchant a
person who might have fallen
victim to “ witchery.” It is said
that this stone can be continually
kept alive if it be put within a
small box in which Vermillion is
usually kept.
S uJcr&sarif - — The name of a stone found in JBcdtul-
mukdaclas (Jerusalem). Color,
white ; weight, about 25 or 30
maunds. This stone is said to be
situated above the earth and sus-
pended in ether. The Afghans
make reverential hows to the
situation of this stone.
-The sacred stone of the Maho-
medans at Mecca. It is said that
the original color of this stone
was white, and that the polluted
touch of the sinners coming fre-
quently on pilgrimage has render-
ed it black. The Hindus call this
stone Maccesvara S'iva — as it looks
somewhat like the phallus of
Mahddeva .
A TltEATISE ON GEMS.
949
EGYPT.*
?HEN the Maliomedans unfurled their ban-
ners, and directed their religious expedition
from Mecca to the West, they introduced the Kordn
into Egypt, Turkey, Morocco and such other
countries on either coast of the Mediterranean as
could he successfully brought under subjection.
The study of the Kordn necessarily involved the
study of Arabic, in which language the sacred book
of the Mahomedans is composed, and ultimately
led to the systematic cultivation of that language.
Gradually, Arabic began to take deep root in the
country and to be blended with local dialects. It
is not a matter of wonder, therefore, that the
language used in naming the varieties, defects
&c., of gems and jewels by the people of Egypt,
Tunis, Morocco, Abyssinia, and other such
places, is partly Arabic and partly local. Almost
all the countries belonging to the Mahomedans or
originally conquered by them, have their language
based either on Arabic or Persian. Most of the
countries East to Persia have had Persian for their
dialect. As in India, Urdu is the result of the
mixture of Persian with ELindi, so there is in each
country, to the West of Persia, a hybrid language
* Materials received from Sayyid A'bbds, ail Egyptian merchant, at
present of Calcutta.
APPENDICES.
which is a combination of Arabic with the language
of the locality. As Ilindusthani jewellers use
Persian expressions in their description of jewelry,
so the Egyptians use certain Arabic terms in con-
nection with the designation and examination of
precious gems. There are some works on jewelry
in Egypt, written in the modern dialect of that
country. But the Egyptian Moulvies of the pre-
sent day cannot enlighten us on the views held on
the subject by the ancient authorities.
( 1 ) Almdz — Diamond. This is the strongest, light-
est in weight, and most brilliant, of
all precious stones. It is irides-
cent like the crystal prism. It is
divided into four classes of color ;
viz., white, yellow, black and
red. The best specimens of all
are those that are white like the
quick-silver and very light in
weight. The next in quality and
value are the yellow ones. The
black specimens are the hardest
of all, and are of less value than
the yellow ones. The rose-red
varieties are pretty good.
The presence of a kind of insect of the appear-
ance of black dots inside a Diamond constitutes
one of the defects of this stone.
The use of the Diamond with gold imparts to
the wearer health and vigour.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
951
The Beduri is palmed off on ignorant customers
as the Diamond. It looks exactly like the Dia-
mond, but is of very little monetary value.
(2) L&la — Ruby. Color, red. The Ldla is a
warm and dry stone. Its color is
divided into four classes, each class
being designated a Barwdzd. The
very lightest color is called the
first Danodzd ; a little deeper
color is termed the second Dar-
wdzd ; still deeper, the third Dar-
ivazd ; and the deepest of all, the
fourth Barwdzd. The hardness of
the stone is proportionate to the
depth of its color.
The following are the defects
of the Ruby Very dazzling
color ; dudhd ( fissures) ; usutfd
(shady imperfections) ; and ndkas
(very light color).
The nobility prepare Surmd
from this stone. The Ruby taken
with mdjoom (electuaries) adds
strength to the body.
The Gomeda sometimes passes
muster for the Ruby.
(3) Ydcut Jjruf—A variety of the Ruby. The
qualities and imperfections are to
be judged by the same rules as
are applicable to the Ruby.
95a
APPENDICES.
>
(4) Ydcut Asfur — This stone is divided into three j
classes ; viz., Asfur (yellow) ; Abi- j
yud (white) ; and Khamuri (rose-
red). The qualities and imper- j
fections of this stone are the j
same as those of the Ruby.
(5 ) Ldldha — An inferior variety of the Ruby. The
same rules as to qualities and im-
perfections as are applicable to
the Ruby hold good as regards
this stone.
(6) Zummurrud — The Emerald. Its color is
Sddelcul kuddr, i. e., very green.
Like the Ruby, it is divided into I
four Dariudzas. The fact that I
a serpent immediately falls to
licking a real Emerald as soon as
it happens to come across it, is
the best test for a true specimen.
The external use of an Emerald
secures to the wearer unbounded
influence over mankind. j
The Zuburzud is sometimes I
mistaken for the Emerald. Its
color is green mixed with yellow.
JBdjhur, a stone of a green color
mixed with black, is again some-
times mistaken for the Zuburzud. I
The internal use of this stone
(rubbed into a paste), neutralises j
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
953
tlie effects of poison. Dur-e-nu-
juf, a white stone, is sometimes
passed off as the Bajhur. It has,
however, no place in jewelry.
(7) Luluh — The Pearl. It is Mdkhup-orJco, i.e.,
consisting of three scales ; Tukil-
bujanu, i.e., heavy in weight ; and
JBamoIcolas, i.e., round. The best
specimens are those that are
Su'paldji (clear) and Abiyut
(white). Those that are Asfur
Al-lidmdr, or yellow with a tinge
of red, belong to the second
Darwdzd. To the third Darwdzd
belong those that are Asbdd, or
white with a tinge of black.
Pearls are found at Baliarin, a
place near Bussorah.
The Pearl has two cuts ; viz., the Bamokolas or
circular-shaped, and the Alatul ( Latlcdn ) or the
drop-shaped. Irregular cuts are called Abuj and
are not liked.
The absence of any of the qualities enumerated
above constitutes a defect of the Pearl.
The Pearl-powder taken with electuaries streng-
thens the body and adds lusture to the eyes.
(8) Mur j an — The Coral. It is found in the seas,
in the shape of a tree. The best
specimens are those that are very
red, very hard, and very heavy in
954
APPENDICES.
weight. The degree of the inferi-
ority of the Coral is proportionate
with the lightness of its color. The
Coral is called Yuseri or HakiJc-
Kulbdhdr, when its color is black.
Cut open the top of a lemon, and put a piece
of Coral inside, and then cover up the opening with
a paste of clay. Put this lemon under fire for some
time till it gets white with burning. Take it out,
and after grinding the stone well, use it as a Surma
for the eyes. Mixed with electuaries, and taken,
the Coral gives great physical strength.
(9) A Idle Ydmdni — The red specimens belong to
the first class ; the yellow ones to
the second. The green ones are
known as the Antas ; the black
ones, as the Solemdni ; and the
ash-colored ones, as the Gurl — the
worst variety. Guri is, in Ara-
bic, termed the Sab.
An extraordinary specimen of
a sky-blue Cat’s-eye has been
presented to the author of this
work by Sayyid Apbds, formerly
an Egyptian merchant but now a
lakir. This stone had been pre-
sented to the Sayyid by an Arab
Prince, as a reward for his pro-
ficiency in playing upon the musi-
cal instrument Sarod.
955
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
There are a thousand different kinds of stones,
but these are not taken into account in jewelry.
Names of the Nine Precious Gems.
HE rules as to the testing and valuing of pre-
cious stones in the New "World are not the
same in all the countries that it embodies. Those
places that have been originally colonised or is still
possessed by the British are guided by the British
standard of testing jewelry : those that belong
to the French, Dutch, Danish, or Spanish, are
amenable to the laws of the respective states to
which they belong ; and so on. The republics
have the same laws as to the use and identification
of precious stones as obtain in the countries whose
inhabitants form the bulk of their population.
English. Egyptian.
1. Diamond. Alm&sh.
2. Ruby. Lala.
3. Cat’s-eye. Ayinulhir.
4. Zircon. Laladu.
5. Pearl. Luluh.
6. Coral. Murjan.
7. Emerald. Huzrul Hiiy& or
Laladu.
K omas.
Murjan.
Ayinulhir.
Almash.
Y&cut.
Bagdadian.
Zummurud.
Zumurrud.
Y&cut Asfur.
Yacut Ajruk.
8. Topaz. Yacut Asfur.
/
9. Sapphire. Y4cut Ajruk.
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
Q— 5
956
APPENDICES.
The aboriginal natives, whose number is gradu-
ally getting less, delight in Pearls and Corals,
with which they have been known to decorate
themselves.
NTABTICA, which represents the group of ■
islands lying within or near the Antartic
Circle, and Polynesia, which consists of a vast
multitude of small islands scattered over the Pacific,
have not been much known to us as containing mines
of any precious stones. These are inhabited by
wild people, most of w r hom tattoo their bodies and
decorate themselves with sculls and pieces of bones
strung together.
WEE British possessions in Australasia are Aus-
* tralia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Norfolk
Island, Auckland Isles, and Chatham Isles. The
inhabitants of these colonies are, for the most part,
British, and are, consequently, subject to the same
rules for the identification and valuation of jev r els
as obtain in the mother-country.
ANTARTICA AND POLYNESIA,
AUSTRALASIA
A THEATISE ON GEMS.
fir
957 " <4
MALAYSIA.
DpHIS consists of the islands that are generally
reckoned as belonging to the Eastern Archi-
pelago. The aboriginal inhabitants of these Islands
are chiefly Malayese and partly Papuas or Oceanic
Negroes, who are almost complete savages. Some
of these islands are foreign possessions ; portions
of Java and Sumatra, for instance, belong to the
Dutch ; the Philippine Islands, to Spain ; Labuan,
on the west coast of Borneo, to the English, and so
forth. The mode of testing and valuing jew r els
and of using them in these places is partly the
same as obtain in the countries from which the
colonists have respectively settled, and partly a
mixture of the rules that are in use in Burmah,
Siam, Ceylon, India, and other neighbouring coun-
tries. Borneo is known to contain Diamond
mines.
milE jewellers of this country are called Chulids
‘k by their brother .-professionals of India, xis
the jewellers of Ilindusthan use for their language
of jewels, Sanskrit, with a mixture of Urdu, to-
gether with the dialects of their respective localities,
so the Cingalese Chulids use Sanskrit with a mixture
CEYLON.*
* From ALmiucl SadkattullA Salieb, a Cingalese jeweller.
of Pali (tlieir national language), together with
the provincial dialects of the people. In Ceylon,
works on jewelry in the Pdli language can, if search-
ed for, be met with. We have, fortunately, been
able to secure a copy of a Cingalese work on stones
— called Eatna PariJcshd — composed in the Pdli
language. What we propose to give here is not,
however, the reproduction of views enunciated in
this work. The views orally received from Cinga-
lese jewellers of the day form the subject of our
present notice.
Nine precious stones are recognised in Sanskrit
authorities, whereas eight stones are reckoned as
the principal ones by the Chulids of Ceylon —
Gomeda being rarely used in the country, and not
considered as belonging to the class of the precious
stones. The term “ Ratnam” is used as a general
designation for jewels. Most of the names of the
stones are based on Sanskrit and used as such both
by the Hindu and Mahomedan jewellers of the
country. Thus : Hiraka is called Bajram ; M&nika,
M&nikyam ; Nllam, Nilam ; Vaiduryya, Vaid-
uryyam ; Pushparaga, Pushparagam ; Marakata,
Pucliche; Mukta, Muttu; Prabala, Pagalam. It
will be observed that the first four words are exact-
ly Sanskrit; the fifth is a local dialect ; and the last
three are Pali , a corruption of the Sanskrit. j
Bajram — The Diamond. This stone has been known
to possess the same four varieties
of color as are recognised by
-Jf
A TREATISE ON GEMS. 959 °f
Sanskrit authorities ; viz., white,
black, red, and yellow. The white
specimens are called “ Yairuppu
Yairam;” the black ones, “ Karppu
Yairam the red varieties, “ Sa-
karppii Yairam and the yellow
ones, “ Madlni Yarnam.” The
Chulias acknowledge the same de-
fects of the Diamond as jewellers
of other countries. Such Diamonds
as have black spots about them go
by the name of “ Karttupiili
those that have black streaks are
called “ Idkal.” Of all defects
of the Diamond, the above two are
the most important. No Hindu
Cingalese would ever consent to
keep in his house a Diamond
having black streaks over it. The
people of Ceylon have an idea
that the Goddess of Fortune
never resides in the home of one
who keeps in it a Diamond having
any of the two defects specified
as above.
Manikyam — The Ruby. By the term M&nikyam ,
the Chulids mean such stones as
have the color of the pure, trans-
parent blood issuing afresh from
the body of a healthy animal.
960
APPENDICES.
The ordinary varieties of the
Ruby are called “ Sappu” by Ma-
liomedan jewellers and “ Gambu”
by the Hindus. “ Carlinum” (Car-
nelian?) is the name applied to
such specimens as have a tinge of
black in them ; and “Mancha,” to
such as have a dash of yellow
in them. According to the Chu-
lids, the spotless specimens only
are entitled to be kept in the
Royal Treasury. Others are pro-
ductive of no good to the posses-
sors thereof. The “ milky im-
perfections” in the Ruby are call-
ed “ kobank” by some, and “ Nas-
le” by others.
Nilam and Pushpardga — The Sapphire and the
Topaz. The defects in these stones
are j udged by the same standard
as apply to the testing of the
Ruby.
Puchche — The Emerald. The Chulids divide the
Emerald into two classes ;* viz.,
the old and the new. The former
specimens go by the name of
* Hindusthani jewellers also divide the Emerald into two classes.
Those born in the old mines are noted for their transparency, the deptli
of their color and the purity of their water. Those that are found
in the new mines are rather less deep in color, less transparent, contain
less pure water, and have, instead of the color of the green corn, some-
what of a blackish tinge in some of the specimens.
Vaidunyyam — The Cingalese are great admirers of
such specimens of the Cat’s-eye as
have the surface of a golden color.
Such specimens are called Punya-
kan Vaiduryyam. Those stones
that have a black surface are
styled “ Karnul Vaiduryyam.”
The Chulids call the “ line 1
the Cat’s-eye by the same term
(Sut) as is used by Hindusthani
jewellers. Unlike the Hindus-
thani jewellers, the Hindu Chulids
attach some value to the black
varieties, and none whatever to the
smoke-colored and parti-colored
specimens. The defective speci-
mens are called “ Tarburi” and
those that contain no “ lines” are
known as “ Aknenul.”
Muttu — The Pearl. The Chulids are at one with
other authorities in the testing
and in pronouncing upon the
merits and defects of the Pearl.
The good, round, transparent
Pearls are called Animuttu ; the
blackish specimens, Mas'u; the
yellowish ones, Chillxr ; the very
small varieties, Tur ; the deformed
962
APPENDICES.
specimens, Ans&r ; and the ones
used for medicinal purposes, Mas L
The Sujni cut is known by the
name of Krayal ; the best cut,
by that of Anikrayal, and the
worst cut, by that of Khar&p
Krayal.
The seas about Ceylon abound
in Pearl-fisheries. These Pearls
are brought over to India and
sold by the Chulids, who take away
Emerald, Vaiduryya and such
other stones as are not found in
abundance or found at all, in
Ceylon, where they sell them to
great advantage.
Pagalam — The Coral. It is divided into two classes :
The light-colored specimens are
called “Bel-le,” and the colored
ones, “Kappu.” The black varie-
ties are called “Kul-li Kappu;” the
drop-shaped ones, *• Tari Kumbu,”
or “Nim-le;” and the defective
ones, “ Nim chasi.” The Pearl and
the Coral are sold in Ceylon by
Tolas and Ddkin'i. The wild
Cingalese never use a Coral that
is not defective. They labor under
an impression that genuine Corals
cannot but be defective.
4
A TREATISE ON GEMS
963
Zuburzucl — Called in Ceylon “ Puckclie Maraka-
tam,” and there reckoned as a
variety of the Emerald.
Good specimens of the Ruby are rarely met
with in Ceylon. Diamond has sometimes been
found in some of the old mines. The Sapphire and
the Topaz are to be had in abundance. Generally
speaking, colored stones are termed “ Irnir” if they
have their color deep in some portions and light in
others ; “ Sughar,” if they have their color very
light ; “ Kattabak,” if their “ water” is impure ;
and “ Nirbak,” if they possess a very good “ water.”
E— 5
APPENDICES.
THE
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PRECIOUS STONES,
Beryl : Emerald.
Combination of glucina, silica, and alumina.
Glucina
Emerald,
12-50
Beryl.
15-50
Silica
68-50
66-45
Alumina
15-75
16-75
Oxide of Chrome
0-80
o-oo
Oxide of Iron
1-00
0-60
Lime
0-25
o-oo
Sp. Gr. 276 to 2*78. H. 7-5—8.
Native form : a licxabedral prism terminated in a
six-sided pyramid, imbedded in a vein of magnesian
limestone traversing hornblende rocks. Colour :
Emerald, grass-green; Beryl, light green, tinged
more or less with blue.
Calcedony
Consists of silica and alumina.
Silica ... ••• 84'0
Alumina ... ••• 16-8
Sp. Gr. 2 6. H. = 7.
Agate, Heliotrope, Onyx, Plasma, Sard, are all
varieties of Calcedony differently coloured by me-
tallic oxides.
Native form : botryoidal (grape-like) masses ; but
more frequently found in rolled pebbles.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
965
Diamond.
Pure carbon. Sp. Gr. 3’55 (inferior to the Sap-
phire).
Hardness = 10, the highest in the scale. Highly
electric by friction.
Native form : an octahedral crystal, usually mo-
dified by the obliteration of the angles and edges ;
found mixed with gold-dust in a hard ferruginous
concreted gravel. Colour : pure white, often ting-
ed with yellow, red, blue, &c.
Garnet.
Combination of a silicate of the protoxide of iron
with silicate of alumina.
Silica
Alumina
Oxide of Iron . . .
Oxide of Manganese
33-75
27-25
36-00
0-25
Sp. Gr. 4-2. II. 6-5 to 7-5.
The native garnet (Almandine) is not electric by
friction, but when polished and facetted I have
found by experiment that it becomes highly so.
Native form : a rhombic dodecahedron, imbedded
in mica-slate ; also loose in the earth. Colour :
dark red, sometimes purple.
Lapis-Lazuli.
Silica
• . .
49-0
Alumina
11-0
Lime
160
Soda
8-0
Oxide of Iron
4-0
Magnesia
. . ,
2-0
Sulphuric Acid . . .
2-0
Sp. Or. 2-95. Hardness sufficient to scratch glass.
APPENDICES.
Found massive, but sometimes in rhombic dode-
cahedrons. Colour : pure azure.
Opal.
Combination of silica and water.
Silica ... ... 90 - 0
Water ... ... lO'O
Sp. Gr. 2' 9. Hardness not sufficient to strike fire with steel.
Found massive imbedded in a decomposed por-
phyry and in trap-rocks. Colour, milky, but richly
iridescent.
Peridot: Chrysolite.
Combination of magnesia, silica, and peroxide of j
iron. |
Magnesia
43-5
Siiica
39-0
Oxide'of Iron ...
19-0
Sp. Gr. 3-3— 3-5.
H. = 6-5— 7.
Primary form : a right prism, with rectangular
bases ; but occurs more frequently in rounded crys-
talline masses. Colour : green, more or less mixed
with yellow.
Sapphire : Ruby : Oriental Topaz.
Pure alumina, coloured from admixture with
oxide of iron.
Sapphire.
Ruby,
Alumina
98-5
90'0
Lime
0-5
o-o
Silica
o-o
7-0
Oxide o£ Iron
10
1-2
Sp. Gr. 3’99. Hardness only inferior to the diamond.
Highly electric.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
967
Native form : six-sided prism variously termin-
ated, but more frequently found in rolled masses.
Colours : blue, blood-red, and yellow.
Spinel and Balais.
Combination of alumina and magnesia, coloured
red by a minute admixture of chromic acid, or
blue by the protoxide of iron.
Red.
Blue.
Alumina
74-50
72-65
Magnesia
8-25
14-63
Silica
15-50
5-45
Lime
0-75
0-00
Protoxide of Iron ...
1-50
4-2
Sp. Gr. 3-5. H. = 8.
Native form : the perfect octahedron, like the
diamond, and similarly modified. Colour : Spinel,
red, or slightly tinged with cinnamon ; Balais, pale
rose or lilac.
Topaz.
Combination of alumina, silica, and fluoric acid.
Brazil. Saxony.
Alumina ... 47‘5 59-0
Silica ... 44-5 35-0
Fluoric Acid ... 7*0 fr 0
Sp. Gr. 3-49 to 3 - 56. H. = 8. Highly electric by friction.
Native form : prism with the sides deeply stri-
ated, and the ends very variously terminated. Co-
lour : vinous yellow.
Turquoise.
Considered by Fischer to be only clay coloured by
I oxide of copper ; but Jahn notices —
APPENDICES.
Alumina ... ... 73 - 0
Oxide of Copper ... 4’5
Oxide of Iron ... ... 4 - 0
Water ... ... 18-0
Sp. Gr. 2‘8 — 3'0. H. 5 to 6.
Occurs in kidney-shaped masses, usually botryo-
idal, or mimillated. Colour : blue.
Zircon.
Combination of zirconia and silica.
Jacinth. Jargoon.
Zirconia ... 70 - 0 66‘0
Silica ... 25 - 0 31-0
Oxide of Iron ... 0 - 5 2-0
Sp. Gr. 4-5 to 4-7. H. 7'5.
Primary form : rhomboidal octahedron, modified
like the diamond, but all its angles set obliquely.
Colour : orange, sometimes white.
The test of relative hardness is a very important
/ one for ascertaining the species of precious stones,
on account of the facility of its application. Its
principle is the fact that the native crystal of any
species will scratch all in the scale below itself.
Thus the Diamond, standing highest (10.) scratches
all the rest. The following is the received scale :
9. Corundum : Sapphire, lluby ; 8. Brazilian Topaz ;
7. E,ock-crystal ; 6. Adularia ; 5. Asparagus-stone ;
4. Pluor Spar, &c.
The test of the relative specific gravity of the
different species, a criterion upon which our modern
mineralogists lay so much stress, and which they
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
969
claim as a discovery of tlieir own, was well known
and resorted to by the Persian jewellers six cen-
turies ago, and if then, doubtless at a much earlier
date.
Pen Mansur’s notice of this point is so curious
as to demand its insertion at length : — “ Of the re-
lations of certain precious stones to others. Abu
Rilum pretends to have discovered by experiment
that one miscal of the Blue Jacut stands in equal
proportion with five dank and three tissu of the
Bed Jacut; with five dank and two and a half
tissu of the Laal ; with four dank minus one tissu
of Coral ; and with four dank minus two tissu of
of the Onyx, or of the Crystal.
“ The method used for the investigation of the
weights and dimensions of gems is the following.
They take a bowl filled with water, and throw the
stones singly into the same. The quantity of water
that through the immersion of each separate stone
flows over the bowl occupies the space of the same.
God knoweth best ! ”
Note , — The dank in Egypt =3 carats, in Spain =2. It is the quar-
ter or the sixth of a drachm. The tissu= 4, or 2 grains of barley. The
miscal =1% drachm.
APPENDICES.
TABLE OE WEIGHTS AND PATTERNS
OF THE
LARGEST KNOWN DIAMONDS
AND
OTHER PRECIOUS STONES.
“ The King of Portugal’s,” as large as a lien’s
egg, pea-sliaped, sliglitly concave on one side ; co-
lour, deep yellow, and suspected of being a Topaz,
uncut ; weight, 1680 car. (Mawe.)
“ The Rajah of Mattan’s,” found at Laudak in
1787, uncut, 367 car.
“The Nizam’s,” found at Golconda, uncut, 340
car.
“The Great Mogul’s,” found at Coulour; weight
in the rough, 787-| car. ; cut as a rose, 280 car.
“ The Great Table,” seen by Tavernier at Golcond
in 1642 ; weight, 242f car. It was on sale for
5,00,000 rupees, he bade 4,00,000 for it in vain.
“ The Regent,” found at Puteal, in the rough,
410 car., cut as a brilliant, I36f car.
“ The Orloff,” Indian cut as a rose, 193 car. It
. has a faint yellow tinge.
“ The Star of the South,” found at the Bogageni
mine, Brazil, by a negress (1853); in the rough,
254| car. ; cut as a brilliant, 124J car. The stone
has a decided tinge, some say of rose, others, of
yellow.
“The Koh-i-noor,” Indian cut, but retaining
nearly its native weight, 186| car. ; re-cut (1862) as
a brilliant, 102^ car.
“ The Grand Duke of Tuscany,” sometimes named
“ The Austrian” ; cut as a double rose, 139^ car.
Its colour is a decided yellow ; and there is a tra-
dition that the stone was bought for a trifle as a
mere coloured crystal at a jeweller’s in Elorence.
“The Shah” (Russia), a long prism, retaining
many of its native faces, 95 car. "What greatly adds
to its interest is a Persian inscription cut upon it.
Bought of Ohosroes, Abbas Mirza’s youngest son.
“TlieNassack” (the Marquis of Westminster’s' 1 ,
captured from the Peishwah of the Mahrattas ; In-
dian cut, 89f car., a pear-shaped stone, re-cut as
a brilliant in London, 78 f car.
“The Pigott,” 82J car., was disposed of by lot-
tery in London (1801) for 30,000£. The present
owner is not knoAvn.
“ Mr. Dresden’s Diamond,” from Brazil (1860),
heart-shaped, a shallow brilliant, 76% car.
“The Empress Eugbnie’s,” a brilliant, 51 car.
“ The Pasha of Egypt’s,” a brilliant, 40 car.
“The Dutch,” 36 car.
“ Hope’s Blue Diamond,” suspected to be that
of the Erench regalia (stolen in 1792), and then
weighing 67 car., and afterwards re-cut as a bril-
liant to its present weight of 44J car. This was pro-
bably at its origin the stone “ d’un beau violet,”
weighing in the rough 112/* car., but dis-
advantageously shaped, being flat and thin, brought
Mm
mMMm
from India by Tavernier, and sold to Louis XIV.
in 1668.
“ The Polar Star,” (Princess Yassopouff), a bril-
liant, 40 car.
“The Treasury of Dresden’s,” emerald-green,
311- car.
“ Halpben’s Rose-coloured,” 22^ car.
“ Prince de la Riccia’s,” rose-coloured, 15 car.
“ Paul I.’s,” ruby-coloured, 10 car.
“ Tagore Brilliant,” about 48 car.
“ Arundhatl.”
&c., &c., &c.
Mawe also mentions as belonging to the Portu-
guese crown two other diamonds, rough, of great
beauty ; the one weighing 215 carats, the other, a
little less. Both were found in the river Abayt6,
to the east of the district of Minas Geraes, by
three men banished into the interior. Besides these,
he notices two nearly perfect octahedrons, of 134
and 120 carats each. And to conclude, the State
waistcoat of Joseph I. had twenty buttons, each
a single diamond worth 5,000 l.
The largest known Emerald is the Devonshire,
two inches in diameter, and of the finest colour :
not cut. It came from the Muzo mine, Santa Fe
di Bogota, and was purchased by the Duke from
Don Pedro.
pr —
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
The largest Sapphire has got its name, “ The
Wooden-spoon-seller’s,” from the occupation of the
man Avho found it, in Bengal. It is also called the
“ Ruspoli” after a former owner. Lozenge-shaped,
with six faces, 132iV carats. It was bought by
Perret, a Persian jeweller, for 170,000 francs
(6,800 l.) Now in the Musee de Mineral ogie, which
possesses another of rare beauty, measuring 2 x li
inches.
The largest Pearl in the world is beyond all rival-
ry the “ Hope,” weighing 3 ounces, and 2 inches
deep by 2-jjr in circumference at the larger end.
It is pear-shaped and of a dark opalized hue. It is
mounted for a pendant in a crown-imperial of five
vertical bars set with brilliants upon a lining of
crimson enamel, with a gold border of emeralds,
sapphires, and rubies.
The largest Cat’s-eye (also the “ Hope”) is hemi-
spherical, 1^ inches in diameter ; and formerly was
the great pride of the King of Candy, from whom
it was captured in 1815. It has been celebrated
for many ages, and appears to be the one mentioned
by Pdbeiro in his “ History of Ceylon,” as at that
time (16th century) belonging to tiie Prince of Ura.
It is mounted in massy pure gold, set with cabo-
chon rubies in the Oriental manner.
The largest Iiuby ever seen in Europe is that
presented by Gustavus III. of Sweden to the Cza-
rina, upon his visit to her in 1777. It is equal in
APPENDICES.
974-
bulk to a small ben’s egg, and is of fine colour.
and therefore must weigh at least 100 carats. The
highest weight of those seen in India by Tavernier
did not exceed 50 carats. None in the Trench lie-
galia weighed above 8tV carats.
General Remarks upon the term “ Carat.”
The word Carat is probably derived from the
name of a bean, the fruit of a species of Erythina ,
which grows in Africa. The tree which yields this
fruit is called by the natives “ Kuara” (sun), and
both blossom and fruit are of a golden color. The
bean or fruit, when dried, is nearly always of the
same weight, and thus in very remote times it was
used in Schangallas, the chief market of Africa, as
a standard of weight for gold. The beans were
afterwards imported into India, and were there
used for weighing the Diamond.
The Carat is not of the same weight in all coun-
tries, for instance : —
One Carat in England is equal to ... 20,54,090 milligrams.
This was the size of Rudolf II.’s, already quoted
France „ ... 20,55,000
Vienna „ ... 20,61,300
Berlin „ ... 20,54,400
Frankfort-on-Maine ... 20,57,700
Leipzig „ ... 20,50,000
Amsterdam ,, ... 20,57,000
Lisbon „ ... 20,57,500
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
975
One Carat in Leghorn is equal to
„ Florence „
„ Spain „
,, Borneo yy
„ Madras „
... 21,59,900 milligrams.
... 19,52,000 „
... 20,53,930 „
... 10,50,000 „
... 20,73,533 „
72 carats make
161*
One Cologne oz.
„ English „
The ounce’s iceight is used for weighing small
and Baroques Pearls , Coral, Peridots, and rough
Garnets.
«
CHARACTERISTICS OF GEMS.
Form of Crystal.
Cube,
Octahedron,
Rhombic dodeca-
hedron,
Tetrahedron,
Hexa-Octahedron .
Hexagonal prism ;
often pointed at
each end.
In flat hexagonal
crystals ; gene-
rally in rolled
pebbles.
Octahedron,
Rhombic dodeca-
hedral octahe-
dron.
Tri- octahedron.
Refraction.
Single.
White 2-455
Brown 2 487
Double, in a
small de<
gree.
Double.
Single.
Refractive
Index.
1 765
1-760
1-755 to 1-810
Dispersive
Power.
0 38
Acquires
positive
electricity
by fric-
tion; non-
conductor
of electri-
city.
0-026
Acquires
electricity
by fric-
tion and
retains it
several
hours.
0-033
0-040
Electric
Properties.
Fusibility
Infusible
volati-
lized by
long
continu-
ed heat.
Acquires
electricity
by fric-
tion, and
retains it
several
hours.
Transparent
and trans-
lucent ;
Carbonate
Opaque.
Transparent
Infusible,
alone.
Infusible,
alone.
Diaphaneity
Transparent
and semi-
transpa-
rent.
Transpar-
ent, trans-
lucent.
978
APPENDICES
TABLE
TABLE OF THE DISTINGUISHING
Name and Colour.
Lustre.
Specific
Gravity.
Hardness.
No. in
Scale of
Hard-
ness.
Composition.
System of
Crystalliza-
tion.
TOPAZ.
White, greenish,
yellow, orange,
cinnamon, bluish,
pink.
Vitreous.
3*5 to 3-6
’Scratched
by sap-
phire ;
scratches
quartz
easily.
8
Silica . 34*01
Alumina . 58*38
Flourine . 15 06
Traces of metal-
lic Oxides.
Tri metric or
rhombic.
EMERALD.
Fine green.
BERYL or AQUA-
MARINE, pale
sea-green, blue,
white, yellow,
rarely pink.
Vitreous.
2*67 to 2*75
•
Scratched
by spinel ;
scratching
quartz
(specimens
vary).
7*5 to 8
Silica . 68-50
Alumina . 15*75
Gulcina . 12*50
Oxide of
Iron . 100
Lime . 0*25
Hexagonal
or rhom-
bohedral.
HYACINTH or
JACINTH, brown-
ish-yellow, brown-
ish-red, cinnamon.
JARGOON, various
shades of green,
yellow, white,
brown.
Vitreous
(almost
adaman-
tine).
4*07 to 4-70
Scratches
quartz
slightly.
75
Silica . 33*0
Zirconia . 66*8
Peroxide
of Iron . 0 *10
Dimetric or
square
prismatic ;
pyramidal.
GARNET.
f ALMANDINE,
^ ' violet-red.
•3 CARBUNCLE,
0 red, brownish
« J CINNAMON
^ ) STONE, white,
JS* yellow, orange.
2 PYROPE, ver-
’ million or Bo-
V, hemian garnet.
Vitreous,
inclining
to resin-
ous.
3 5 to 4-3
Scratches
quartz
slightly.
65to7*5
Silica . 38*25
Alumina . 19*35
Bed Oxide
of Iron . 7 83
Lime . 31*75
Magnesia . 2 40
Protoxide
of M an-
ganese . 0*50
Monometric
or cubical.
TOURMALINE,
green, red, brown,
yellow, blue,
black, sometimes
white.
Vitreous.
2-99 to 3 3
Scratches
quartz
slightly.
7* to 7*5
Flourine . 2*28
Silica . 38*85
Boracic
Acid . 8 25
Alumina . 31 32
Red Oxide
of Iron . 1*27
Magnesia. 13*89
Lime . 1*60
Soda . 1*28
Potash . 0 *26
Hexagonal
or rhom-
bohedral.
'
9 (SO
APPENDICES,
98a
APPENDICES,
TABLE
TABLE OF THE DISTINGUISHING
Name and Colour.
Lustre.
Specific
Gravity.
Hardness.
No. in
Scale of
Hard-
ness.
Composition.
System of
Crystalliza-
tion.
OPAL.
Colourless, red,
white, green, grey,
black, yellow.
(Iridescent.)
Vitreous,
inclining
to resin-
ous.
2-0 to 2-3
Scratches
glass
slightly.
5*5 to 6-5
Silica . 91*32
Water . 8*68
Traces of miner-
al colouring-
matter.
None.
PEARL.
White, yellow,
pink, black, vio-
let, brown, grey.
Pearly.
2 5 to 2*7
Various.
2*5to3*5
Carbonate of
Lime, organic
matter.
None.
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
983
A.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GEMS— (Contd.)
Form of Crystal.
Refraction.
Refractive
Index.
Dispersive
Power.
Electric
Properties.
Fusibility
Diaphaneity
None.
....
Infusible.
Semi-trans-
parent.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
Calcines
by mod-
erate
beat.
Opaque ;
sometimes
semi-trans-
parent.
k
984
APPENDICES.
TABLE B.
Names of Stones in different languages .
English.
French.
German.
Italian,
Agate.
Agathe.
Achat.
Quarzo Agato.
Almandine
Garnet.
Grenat, Alman-
dine.
Almandin.
Amandina.
Almandine
Ruby.
Rub is violet.
Violet Rubin.
Rubino violetto.
Amber.
Succin, Ambre.
Bernstein.
Ambra giallo.
Amethyst.
Amethyste.
Amethyst.
Ametista.
Aquamarine.
Aque-marine.
Aquamarin.
Aquamarina.
Asteria.
Asterie.
Sternstein.
Asteria.
Aventurine.
Aventurine.
Aventurin.
Aventurina.
Balas Ruby.
Rubis Balais.
Balas Rubin.
Rubino Balasso.
Beryl.
Beryl.
Beryll.
Berillo.
Bloodstone.
Jaspe sanguin.
J aspis.
Elitropia.
Boart.
Boart.
Diamant Boart.
Boart.
Cairngorm.
Topaze Ecos-
saise.
Rauchstein.
Topazio fumoso.
Carbonate of
Carbonat.
Diamant Carbo-
Carbonato di
Diamond.
nat.
Diamante.
Carbuncle.
Escarboucle,
Grenat cabu-
chon.
Karfunkel.
Carbuncolo.
Carnelion.
Sard pine.
Karneol.
Corniola.
Cat\s-eye.
(Eil de Chat,
Quarz chato-
yant.
Katzenauge.
Occhio di Gatto.
Chrysoberyl.
Chrysoberyl, ou
Chrysolite
orientale.
Chrysoberyll.
Criso berillo.
Chalcedony.
Calcedoine.
Chalcedon.
Calcedonio.
Chrysolite.
Chrysolithe.
Chry soli tli.
Crisolito.
Chrysoprase.
Chrysoprase.
Chrysopras.
Crisoprasio.
Cinnamon stone.
Topaze fumee,
vermeille.
Kaneelstein.
Pietra cinnamo-
mo.
Coral.
Corail.
Koralle.
Corallo.
Corundum.
Corindon.
Korun d.
Korund.
Crystal.
Cristal de
Roche.
Bergkry stall.
Cristallo di Roc-
ca.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
985
TABLE B.
Names of Stones in different languages — (Contd.)
English.
French.
German.
Italian.
Diamond.
Diamant.
Diamant.
Diamante.
Emerald.
Essonite.
E'meraude.
Vermeille.
Smaragd.
Essonit.
Smeraldo.
Essonite.
Felspar.
Fire Opal.
Feldspath.
Opale-Feu.
Feldspath.
Feuer Opal.
Feldspato.
Opalo.
Garnet.
Grenat.
Gran at.
Gran at o.
Hyacinth.
Hyacinthe.
Hyacinth.
Giacinto.
Indigo Sap-
phire.
Saphir de Br6-
sil.
Mannlich Sap-
phir.
Zaffiro.
Jacinth or Hya-
cinth.
Jade.
Jargoon.
J asper.
Jet.
Hyacinthe.
Jade.
Jargon.
Jaspe.
Ja'iet.
Hyacinth.
Amazonstein.
Zirkon.
Jaspis.
Gagat.
Giacente.
Pietra nefritica.
Giacinto.
Dias pro.
Gagato.
Labrador.
Feldspathopa-
lin.
Labrador.
Feldspato opali-
no.
Lapis Lazuli.
Lapis Lazuli.
Lazurstein.
Lapis Lazuli.
Malachite.
Marcasite.
Moon-stone.
Moss Agate.
Malachite.
Marcassite.
Pierre de Lune.
Agate.
Malachit.
Markasit.
Mondstein.
Moss Achat.
Malacito.
Marcassita.
Pietra lunare.
Agata.
Olivine.
Onyx.
Opal.
Olivine.
Onyx.
Opale.
Olivin.
Onyx.
Opal.
Olivina.
Onice.
Opalo, Girasole,
Scambaia.
986
APPENDICES.
TABLE B.
Names of Stones in different languages — (.Contd.)
English.
French.
Germau.
Italian.
Pearl.
Perle.
Perle.
Margarita, Perla.
Peridot.
Peridot.
Peridot.
Peridoto.
Plasma.
Plasme.
Plasma.
Plasma.
Pyrope.
Grenat.
Pyrop.
Granato.
Quartz.
Quartz.
Quarz.
Quarzo.
Ruby.
Kubis.
Rubin.
Rubino.
Sapphire.
Saphir.
Sapphir.
Zaffiro.
Sardonyx.
Sardoine.
Sardonyx.
Corniola.
Smokestone.
Topaze enfum^e.
Rauch Topaz.
Pietra di Fuma.
Spinel.
Spinel le, ou
Kubis.
Spinel.
Spinello.
Star Sapphire,
Kuby, &c.
Saphir chato-
yant.
Stern Sapphir,
oder Rubin.
Zafhro-pianeta.
Topaz.
Topaze.
Tourmaline.
Topas.
Topazio.
Tourmaline.
Turmalin.
Tormalina.
Turquoise.
Turquoise.
Turkis.
Turchina.
Ditto, Fossil
„ de la nou-
„ von neuem
Do. di Rocca
or Bone.
velle Koche.
Felsen, oder Za-
hn Turkis.
nuova.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
987
TABLE C.
Precious Stones arranged according to their colours.
White.
Yellow.— (C td.)
Black.
Diamond.
Beryl.
Sapphire.
Rock-crystal.
Spinel.
Tourmaline.
Jargoon.
Topaz.
Quartz.
Blue.
Diamond.
Sapphire.
Spinel.
Topaz.
Tourmaline.
Beryl.
Red.
Diamond.
Ruby.
Spinel.
Jacinth.
Garnet.
Tourmaline.
Yellow.
Diamond.
Topaz.
Chrysolite or Olivine.
Spinel.
Beryl.
Garnet.
Jacinth.
Tourmaline.
Sapphire.
Chrysoberyl.
Quartz.
Green.
Diamond.
Emerald.
Peridot or Olivine.
Sapphire.
Chrysoberyl.
Spinel.
Aquamarine.
Tourmaline.
Chrysolite (called also
Olivine).
Topaz.
Garnet.
Jargoon.
Pink.
Diamond.
Spinel.
Ruby.
Chrysoberyl.
Beryl.
Topaz.
Brown.
Diamond.
Chrysoberyl.
Garnet.
Jacinth.
Tourmaline.
Quartz.
Diamond.
Sapphire.
Spinel.
Garnet.
Tourmaline.
Quartz.
Violet.
Amethyst.
Sapphire.
Ruby.
Garnet.
Spinel.
Opalescent.
Diamond.
Sapphire.
Opal.
Cat’s-eye.
Quartz.
Ruby.
Moonstone.
Orange or Reddish-
yellow.
Diamond.
Chrysoberyl.
Garnet or Cinnamon-
stone.
Topaz.
Jacinth.
Ruby.
Tourmaline.
Rubicelle (or Spinel).
988
APPENDICES.
the
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRECIOUS STONES j
OK, A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS THAT HAVE APPEARED
RELATING TO DIAMONDS AND OTHER GEMS.
Comprising nearly every known treatise
upon the subject.
Aben Ezra (Rabbi), Commentarium in Decalogum.
8vo. Hebr. Basel, 1527
Abicb (H.), De Spinello, dissert, inaug. cbem. 8vo.
Agricola (George), De Ortu et Causis Subterra-
neorum. De Natura eorum quae effluunt ex Ter-
Albertus Magnus, De Yirtutibus berbarum, lapi-
dum, animalium, etc., var. ed. Lived about 1230
Andrada (M. d’), An Account of the Diamonds of
Argenville (A. J. D. d’), De l’Histoire Naturelle
dclaircic dans deux de ses parties principales : la
Litbologie et la Conchologie. 4to. JParis, 1742
Argenville, Traite de l’Oryctologie. Paris, 1740
Aristotle, Lapidarius, de novo e Graeco translatus.
Lucas Brandis. 4to. Regia Mersbourg, 1473
Arnobio (Cleandre), II Tesoro delle Gioie, trattato
maraviglioso. Venet. 1602
Atbenaeus. Deipbnosopbistae (Banquet des Philo-
sopbes), traduit par Dalecliamp. Paris, 1573
Avicenna ( Abou-Ali-Alhussein-Ben-Adloulah ),
Canones Medicinac, Latt. reddit. Yen. 1483
Berolini, 1831
ra. Eol.
Bas. 1558
Brezil. Nicli. Journ. i. 24.
Annales des Mines.
1797
Paris
Babington (Charles), A Systematic Arrangement of
Minerals, their Chemical, Physical, and Exter-
nal Characters. 4to. London, 1795
Bacci (Andrea), De Gemmis ac Lapidibus pretio-
sis in S. Scrip tura. 4to, Lome, 1577 ; 8vo,
Franc. 1628
Bacci (And.), Le XII Pietre preziose. 4to.
Lomci, 1587
Bacci (And.), De Gemmis et Lapidibus pretiosis,
tractatus ex Ital. Lingua Lat. red. 8vo.
Franco/. 1605
Barbot (Ch.), Traitd complet des Pierres precie-
uses. 8 vo. Paris, 1858
Baumer (John With.), Historia Naturalis Lapidum
preciosorum omnium, etc. 8vo. Franc. 1771
Baumer (J. "W.), Naturgeschi elite aller Edelsteine,
wie auch der Erde und Steine, so bisher zur
Artznei sind gebraucht worden. Aus dem Latein.
von Karl, Freih. von Meidinger. 8vo. Wien, 1774
Bechai ben Aschar, Biur al Hattorah (Exposition
of the Law of Moses), A Commentary on
Exodus xxviii. 17 — 20. a.m. 5207 (a.d. 1447*)
Becher (John Joachim), Physica Subterranea.
4to. Lipsicc, 1739
Bekkerheim (Karl), Krystallographie des Miner-
alreiclis. 8vo. Wien, 1793
Belleau ( Bene ), Les Amours et nouveaux
Echanges des Pierres precieuses. 4to. Paris, 1576
* This work contains an ample account of the properties of precious stones.
The edition of 1447 is the earliest, but it has since been many times reprinted.
I
I
990
APPENDICES.
Bellerman (J. J.), Die Urim und Thummim.
Berlin , 1824
Berquen (Robert de), Les Merveilles des Indes
Orientales et Occidentales, ou nouveau Traitd
des Pierres precieuses et des Perles. 4to.
Paris, 1661
Berzelius (J. Jacob, M.D., F.S.A.), On tbe Com-
position of tbe Topaz, etc. Nich. J ourn. ix. 105.
1807
Beumenberger (J. G.), Der Yolkommene Juwelier.
Weimar, 1828
Bielhe (Yon), Bernstein, ein gewicbtiges Natur-
product des Konigreichs Danemark. 8vo.
Hamburg , 1845
Bielhe (Yon), Ueber die Bernstein-Grabereien in
Hinter-Pommern. 8vo. Berlin, 1802.
Blindheim (J. J.), Ueber den Sibirischen und
Taurischen Kalzedon. Neue Schrift. der Ge-
sellsch. naturf. Freunde. 4to. Berlin, 1800
Blum (Dr. Reinhart), Die Sclimucksteine, Heidel-
berg, 1828, und Taschenbuch der Edelsteinkun-
de. 12mo. Stutgart, 1834
Blum (J. R.), Lithurgik, oder Mineralien und
Pelsarten, nach ihrer Anwendung in Oekon.,
Artist, und Technischer Hinsicht systematisch
abgehandelt. Stutgart , 1840
Blum (J. R.), Yerzeichniss der geschnittenen
Steine in dem Konigl. Museum zu Berlin. 8vo.
Berlin, 1827
Blumenberg, Dissertatio Medica de Succino. 4to.
Jena, 1682
Blumliof (J. C.)> Lehrbuch der Lithurgik.
Frankfurt , 1822
Bock (Pr. S.), Yersucb einer kurzen Naturges-
cbicbte des Preussiscben Bernsteins, und einer
neuen warscheinlichen Erklarung seines Tlrs-
prunges. 8vo. Konigsberg , 1767
Boetius (Anselmus), Tractatus de Lapidibus et
Gemmis, var. ed.
Bondary (Jean de la Taille de), Blason des Pierres
precieuses.
Boot (An selmus Boetius de), Gemmarum et Lapi-
dum Historia. 4to. Hanover, 1690. Recensuit et
commentariis illustravit Adr. Toll. 8vo.
Lugd. Batav. 1636
Boot (Ans. Boece de), Le Parfaict Joaillier, ou
Histoire des Pierreries, de nouveau enrichi de
belles Annotations par Andre Toll, trad, du Lat.
par J. Bacbou. 8vo. Lyon , 1644
Born (Baron Inigo), Schneckensteine, oder die
Sacksischen Topasfelsen. 4to. Brag, 1776
Bouillon (De la Grange), Analysis of the Substance
known by the name of Turquoise. Nich. Journ.
xxi. 182.
Bourget, Lettres sur la Pormation des Sels et
Cristaux. 12mo. Amst. 1729
Bournon (Count de), An Analytical Description
of the Crystalline Porms of Corundum from the
APPENDICES.
99a
East Indies and China. Phil. Treats. Ahr. xviii.
368. 1798
Bournon (Count de), Description of the Corun-
dum Stone, and its Varieties commonly known as
Oriental Ruby, Sapphire, etc. Phil. Trans.
p. 223 1801
Bournon (C. de), A Descriptive Catalogue of Dia-
monds in the Cabinet of Sir Abraham Hume.
4to. London, 1815
Bournon (Le Comte de), Trait 6 de la Cliaux Car-
bonate et de l’Arragonite, auquel on a joint une
introduction a la Mindralogie en general, une
Thdorie de la Crystallisation et son Application.
4to. Londres, 1808
Boyle (Hon. Robert), An Essay about the Origin
and Virtues of Gems, with some Conjectures
about the Consistence of the Matter of Precious
Stones, etc. London ; 8vo, 1672, and 12mo, 1673
Several editions in Latin were printed on the Continent.
Boyle (Hon. Robert), Experiments and Considera-
tions upon Colour, with Considerations on a Dia-
mond that Shines in the Dark. 8vo. London , 1663
Beard (C. P.), Trait des Pierres precieuses.
Paris , 1808
Breithaupt (A.), Das Geschlecht der Rhomboe-
drisclien Turmaline. Schiveizzers Jahrhuch fur
Chym . und Phys. 8vo. 1829
Brewster (Sir David, LL. D., F. R. S. L., etc.),
On the Optical Properties of Muriate of Soda,
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
993
Fluate of Lime, and the Diamond, as Exhibited
in their Action upon Polarized Light. Phil.
Trans, viii. 157. 1817
Brewster (Sir David), On a New Optical and Mi-
neralogical Property of Calcareous Spar. 4to.
Mini). 1815.
Brewster (Sir David), On the Effects of Compression
and Dilatation altering the Polarizing Structure
of Doubly-refracting Crystals. 4to. Mini). 1818
Brewster (Sir David), On the Optical Properties of
Sulfuret of Carbon, etc., with Inferences respect-
ing the Structure of Doubly-refracting Crystals.
Fol. Mini). 1814
Brongniart, Traite de Mineralogie, avec applica-
tion aux Arts. Paris, 1807
Bruckmann (Er. Hier.), A Treatise on Precious
Stones. 8vo.
1775
Second edition, corrected and improved.
Bruckmann (II. F. B.), Abhandlung von Edels-
teinen. Braunsclnoeig , 1757-53
Bruckmann (TJ. F. B.), Gesammelte und eigene
Bcitrage zu seiner Abhandlung von Edelsteinen.
Braunschioeig , 1778
Buchoz, Les Dons merveilleux et diversement
colories de la Nature dans le Pihgnc Mineral. Fol.
Paris, 1782
Burch (A.), Handbuchfur Juweliere. Weimar, 1834
994
APPENDICES.
Cadet (Le Jeune), Memoire sur les Jaspes et aut-
res Pierres precieuses de Pile de Corse, etc. 8vo.
JBastia, 1785
Ctesalpinus (Andreas) , De Metallicis Libri tres. 4to.
Rom. 1496
Caire (A.), La Science des Pierres precieuses appli-
quee aux arts. Paris, 1833
Cappeller (Maur. Ant.), Prodromus Crystallogra-
phies, de Crystallis improprie sic dictis Commen-
tarium. 4to. Lucernes , 1723
Cardanus (Hieronymus), De Lapidibus preciosis,
also de Subtilitate, var. eel.
Carosi (Johann), Sur la Generation du Silex et du
Quarz. 8vo. Cracov. 1783
Carton (J.), Engliscber Juwelier, Kenntniss, Wertb-
und Preisscbatzung aller Edelsteine, Perlen
und Corallen, ins Deut. libersetzt nacb der 10 ed.
12mo. Gratz, 1818
Catalogue des Bijoux nationaux. Paris , 1791
Cellini (Benvenuto), Del Arte del Gioiellare. 4to.
Fior. 1568
Cellini (Benvenuto), Trattato del’Oreficeria, var. ed.
Cbenevix (Richard, Esq., E. R S.), Analysis of
Corundum and some Substances that accompany
it. Phil. Trans, p. 327. 1802
Clave (Estienne) , Paradoxes, ou Traittez Philoso-
phiques des Pierres et Pierreries, contre P opinion
vulgaire. 8vo. Paris , 1635
Clutius (Augerius), Calsvee, sivo Dissertatio La-
pidis Nephritici, seu Jaspidis viridis, naturam,
m
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
995 ^ 4
P
proprietates, et operationes exliibens Belgice.
8vo. Amsterdam, 1621, et Lat. per Gul. Lau-
remberg, fil. 8vo. 1 lostocliii, 1627
Cohen ( M. ), Beschreibendes Verzeichniss eiaer
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Collini (Cosmus), Journal d’un Voyage, qui con-
tient diiferentes observations mindralogiqucs,
particulierement sur les agates, avec un detail
sur la manibre de travailler les agates. 8vo.
Mannheim, 1776
Colonne (Frangois Marie Pompde), Histoire Natu-
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Corsi (Faust), Delle Piedre antiche libri quattro.
Poma, 1828
Curiose Speculationen. Leipzig , 1707
Davy (Sir Humphry), Prof, of Chem., etc., etc.,
Some Experiments on the Combustion of the Dia-
mond and other Carbonaceous Substances. Phil.
Trans, p. 557. 1814
Description of the Diamond. Phil. Trans. Abr. ii.
405. 1708
Diamond, The, or the Pest of a Day. Fores. 4to.
London, 1797
Dingley (Ptobert, Esq.), On Gems and Precious
Stones, particularly such as the Ancients used to
engrave on Phil. Trans. Abr. ix. 345. 1747
Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, var. ed.
Dolce (Ludovico), Libri tre, nei quali si tratta
delle diverse sorti delle Gemme che produce la
Natura. 8vo. Ven. 1564
99G
APPENDICES.
Dree (Marquis de), Catalogue du Musde Minera-
logique. 4to. Paris, 1811
Dutens ( Lewis ), Des Pierres prdcieuses et des
Pierres flues, avec les moyens de les connoitre et
de les valuer. Londres, 1776
Another edition was printed at Paris in the following year.
Eccliellensis (Abraliam), Yersio Durrhamani de
Medicis Virtutibus animalium, plantarum et
Gemmarum. 8vo. Paris, 1647
Eekerman (N.), Electra, oder die Entstelxung des
Eernsteins. 4to. ILalle, 1807
Ekeberg (Andrew Gustavus), Dissertatio de To-
pazio. TJ'psal, 1796
Elliott (John, F. E. S.), On the Specific Gravity
of Diamonds. Phil. Trans. Abr. ix. 147. 1745
Encelius (Christoph), De He Metallica, hoc est, do
origine, varietate et natura corporum metallico-
rum, Lapidum, Gemmarum atque aliarum quae ex
fodinis eruuntur Libri iii. 8vo. Francf. 1551
Engelhard t (Ab. von), Die Lagerstatte der Dia-
manten im Ural-Gebirge. 4to. J Riga, 1830
Epiplianius, Do duodecim Gemmis in veste Aaro-
nis. Gr. Lat. cum corollario Gesneri. 8vo.
Tig. 1565
Ennann, Beitrlige zur Monographic des Marekasit,
Turmalin und Brasilianischen Topas. From the
works of the Berliner Akad. 4 to. Berlin , 1829
Evax (a King of the Arabs) : a MS. is attributed
to him on the properties and effects of precious
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
997
stones, published by Henry Rantzovius, under
the title ‘ De Germans scriptunx olirn a poeta
quodam non infeliciter carmine redditum et nunc
Fallopius (G.), He Medicatis Aquis atque de Fos-
silibus, tractatus ab Andrea Marcolino collectus.
Fernel (John Francis), Pharmacia, cum Guliel.
Plantii et Franc. Saguyerii Scholiis. 12mo.
Fischer (G.), Essai sur la Turquoise et sur la
Fischer (G. de Waldheim), Essai sur la Pellegrina,
ou la Perle Incomparable des fiAres Zozima.
Flade (0. G.), De Re Metallica Midianitarum et
Fladung, Yersucli liber die Kennzeichen der Edels-
teine und deren vortheilhaftesten Schnitt.
Pesth, 1819
Fladung (J. A. F.), Edelsteinkunde. Sm. 8vo.
Wien, 1828
Fontenelle, Nouveau Manuel Complet du Bijou-
tier. 8vo. Paris, 1855
Frischliolz (J.), Lelirbuch der Steinschneidekunst,
fur Steinschneider, Graveurs, etc., und jedens
welcher sich liber die Yeredlung der Steine zu
unterrichten wunscht. Munchen, 1820
primum in lucem editum.’ 4 to. Leipsio, 1585
4to.
Venitia, 1564
Hanov. 1605
Calaite.
Moscou, 1810
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Moscou, 1818
Phoenicorum. 4to.
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998
appendices.
Fruchtvanger (Dr. L.), A Popular Treatise on Gems,
in reference to tlieir scientific value, etc. 8vo.
New York, 1859
Gautier (J.), Untersuchung fiber die Entsteliung,
Bildung und den Bau des Clialcedons, etc.
Jena, 1809
Genuine Account of the present state of the
Diamond Trade in the Dominions of Portugal,
with some authentic pieces, in a letter from a
Merchant in Lisbon to his Correspondent in Lon-
don. 4to. London, 1785
Gerhard (C. A.), Disquisitio physico-chemica Gra-
natorunx Silesise atque Bohemise. Inaug. Diss.
4to. Frankfurt a. d. Oder, 1760
Gesner (Conrad), Liber de Rerum fossilium, Lapi-
dum, et Gemmarum, maxime figuris, etc. 8vo.
Tig. 1565
Gimma (D. Giacinto), Della Storia naturale delle
Gemme, delle Pietre e di tutti Minerali, ovvero
della Pisica sotteranea. 4to. Napoli, 1780
Ginanni (Fantuzzi M. ) , Osservazioni geognostiche
sul Coloramento di alcune Pietre e sulla forma-
zione di un Agata nel Museo Ginanni di Ra-
venna. 8 vo. 1857
Glocker (Ernst Friedrich), De Gemmis Plinii, im-
primis de Topazio. 8vo. Veatislavice {Breslau),
1834
Goepert (H. B,.), Ueber Pflanzenahnliche Eins-
chlfisse in den Chalcedonen. 8vo. 1848
A TREATISE ON OEMS.
999
Gregor (Rev. William, M. A.), An Analysis of a
variety of the Corundum. Nidi. Journ. iv. 209.
1803
Greville (Rt. Hon. Charles, E.R.S.), On the Co-
rundum Stone from Asia. Phil. Trans. Abr.
xviii. 356, 1798, and Nidi. Journ. ii. 477. 1799
Guthe (J. M.), Ueber den Asterios-Edelstein des
Cajus Plinius Secundus ; eine antiquarisch-litho-
gnostische Abhandlung. 4to. Miinchen, 1810
Guyton- Morveau (B. L.), Account of certain Ex-
periments and Inferences respecting the combus-
tion of the Diamond and the nature of its com-
position. Nidi. Journ. iii. 298.
Guy ton- Morveau (B. L.), On the singular Crys-
tallization of the Diamond. Nidi. Journ. xxv. 67.
1810
Guyton-Morveau (B. L.), Verbal Process of the
conversion of Soft Iron into Cast Steel by means
of the Diamond. Nidi. Journ. iii. 353. 1799
Habdarralimanus (Asiutensis HCgyptius), De Pro-
prietatibus ac Virtutibus medicis Animalium,
Plantarum ac Gemmarum, ex Arab. Lat. redd,
ab Abrahamo Ecchellensi. 8vo. Paris, 1647
Haberle (C.C.), Beobachtungen iiber die Gestalt der
Grund-und Keimkrystalle des schorlartigen Be-
rylls, und dessen ubrige oryctognostische und geo-
gnostische Verhaltnisse. Erfurt, 1804
Haidinger (W.), IJeber den Pleochroismus des
Amethysts. Nuturwissensdiaftlidie Abhandlun-
gen. 4to. Wien, 1846
1000
APPENDICES.
Haiclinger (W.), Ueber den Pleocliroismus des
Chrysoberylls. Bericbte iiber Mittheilungen yon
Ereunden der Naturwissenscliaften. 8vo.
Wien, 1848
Ilaidinger (TV.), Pleocliroismus und Krystalls-
tructur des Ametliystes. Sitzungsber. der Kais.
Akad. 8vo. Wien, 1854
Ilaidinger (TV.), Ueber eine neue Varietat von
Ametbyst. Denkschrift. d. Kais. Akad. 4 to.
Wien, 1849
Haidinger (TV.), Der far Diamant oder nocb
TVerthvolleres ausgegebene Topas des Herrn
Dupoisat. Sitzungsber . der Kais. Akad. 4to.
Wien, 1858
Harting (P.), Description d’un Diamant remarqu-
able, contenant des crystaux. Acad. roy. des
Sciences. 4to. Amsterdam, 1850
Hasse (J. H. P.), Der Aufgefundene Eridanus, odcr
neue Aufscbliisse liber den Ursprung des Bern-
steins. 8vo. Riga, 1796
Haiiy (Abbe de), Traitd de la Mindralogie.
Paris, 1780
Haiiy (Bend Just.), Essay d’uno Theorie sur la
structure des Cristaux. 8vo. Paris, 1784
Haiiy (Bene Just.), Traite des Caractdres physiques
des Pierres precieuses, pour servir a leur deter-
mination lorsqu’elles sont taillees. 8vo.
Paris, 181 7
Haiiy, Memoire sur les Topazes du Bresil. Ann. du
Mus. Paris, 1802
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1001
Hauy, Sur la Reunion de la Pycnite avec le To-
paze. 4to. • Paris, 1808
Haiiy, Observations sur les Tourmalines, particu-
librement sur celles qui se trouvent dans les
E'tats-TJnis. Mem. da Mas. Paris, 1815
Hermes Trismegistus, Tabula Smaragdina vindi-
cata. 12mo. 1657
Hertz (B.), Catalogue of Mr. Hope’s Collection of
Pearls and Precious Stones, systematically ar-
ranged and described. 4to. London, 1839
Hessling (Tk. von), Hie Perlmusckel und ibre Per-
len. 8vo. Leipzig, 1859
Hiller (Mattli.), Traetatus de Gemmis XII. in Pec*
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Hindmarsh (11.), Precious Stones, being an account
of the stones mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures.
8vo. London, 1851
Histoire des Joyaux et des principales Rickesses de
1’Orient et de l’Occident. l2mo. Geneve, 1665
History of Jewels. 12mo. London, 1671
Hodgson (Rev. John), Dissertation on an Ancient
Cornelian. Archceol. ii. 42.
1773
Jeffries (David, Jeweller), Treatise on Diamonds
and Pearls, in which their importance is consi-
dered, plain rules are exhibited for ascertaining
the value of both, and the true method of manu-
facturing Diamonds is laid down. 8vo, 30 copper
plates, published by subscription.
London, 1750-51 and 1753
Jeffries (David), An Abstract of tlie Treatise on
Diamonds and Pearls, by Avliich the usefulness to
all who are any way interested in these jewels
will sufficiently appear, and therefore addressed
to the nobility and gentry of this kingdom, and
to the traders in jewels. 8vo. Baldwin, London,
1754
Jeffries (D.), Traite des Diamants et des Perles. 8vo.
Paris, 1753
John (J. F.), Naturgeschichte des Succins, oder des
sogenannten Bernsteins. 8vo. Koln, 1816
Jonstonus (Johannes), Thaumatographia Naturalis.
l2mo. Amst. 1632
Jonstonus (J.), Notitia Regni Yegetabilis et Min-
eralis. 12mo. Lips. 1661.
Juwelier, Der Aufriclitige, oder Anweisung aller
Arten Edelsteine, Diamanten, und Perlen zu
erkennen, nebst einer aus dem Euglisclien tiber-
setzten Abhandlung von den Diamanten und
Perlen. 8vo. Frankfurt, 1772
Kahler (Mart.), De Crystallorum Generatione. 4to.
JJpsal, 1747
Kalin (P.), Nagra Kannemarken til nyttiga Mine-
raliens eller ford oeli Baigarters upfinnande. 4to.
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Kirani, Kiranides, ct ad eas Rliyalcini Koronides,
sive Mysteria Physico-Medica. 12mo.
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Kircher (Athanase), Le Monde Souterrain.
Kirclier (Athanasius), Mundus Subterraneus in xii.
Libros digestus. Pol. Amstellodami , 1678
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Kohler (H. K. A. von), Kleine Abhandlungen zur
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Kohler (II. K. A. von), TJntersuchung liber den
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Kokscharow (Nic. von), Ueber die russischen To-
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Konneritz (L. von), Mittheilung mannichfaltiger
Yersuche Edelsteine kunstgemass zu schleifen.
Weimar, 1841
Krause (T. II.), Pyrgoteles, oder die edeln Steine
der Alten in Bereiche der Natur, etc. Halle, 1856
Laharte (M. Jules), Handbook of the Arts of the
Middle Ages and llenaissance as applied to the
Decoration of Jewels, Arms, etc. 8vo.
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Lacaze (Duthiers H.), Histoire Naturelle du Corail,
Organisation, Reproduction, Peche en Algerie,
Industrie, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1864
wwwwswvw
w-
1004
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Laet (John de), De Gemmis et Lapidibus Libri ii.,
quibus prsemittitur Tkeopkrasti Liber ; de Lapi-
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Lug cl. Bat. 1647
Lancon (II.), L’Art du Lapidaire. Paris, 1830
Langius (Johannes), Epistoke Medicinales. Fol.
Lug cl. 1557
Leisnerus (Gott. Ckrist.), De Coralliorum Natura,
Prseparatis et Usibus. Wittembergce, 1720
Lemnius (Levinus), Occulta Naturae Miracula. 8vo.
Antwerp, 1567
Lenk (J.),Neue Entdeckung eines Steines Serpent-
in-Agat. Wien , 1802
Leonardus (Camillus, M.D.), Speculum Lapidunl.
4to. Venet. 1502
Leonardus (Camillus), Trattato delle Gemme eke
produce la Natura; traduzione di M. Ludovico
Dobe. 8vo. 1565
Leonardus (Camillus), The Mirror of Stones, in
which the Nature, Generative Properties, Virtues,
and Various Species of more than 200 different
Jewels, Precious, and Hare Stones are distinctly-
described. 8vo. London, 1750
Loew, Ueber den Bernstein und die Bernstein-
Eauna. Berlin, 1850
Loninser (Gust.), Die Marmaroscker Diamanten.
4to. Presburg, 1856
Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, var. eel.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1005
Macculloch (John, M.D., E.L.S.), Remarks on Se-
veral Parts of Scotland which exhibit Quartz
Rocks, and on the Nature and Connection of this
Rock in general. G-eol. Trans, i. 450. 1811
Mackenzie (Sir Geo. Stewart, Bart., F.R.S.L. &E.),
Experiments on the Combustion of the Diamond,
the Formation of Steel by its Combination with
Iron, etc. Nidi. Journ. iv. 103. 1800
Mackenzie (Sir G. S.), On the Formation of Chal-
cedony. 4to. Phil. Trans. London, 1822
Madelung (A.), Die Metamorphosen von Basalt und
Chrysolith von Hotzendorf in Mahren. 4to. Jahrb.
d. Geol. Peichsanst. Wien, 1864
Mandeville (John), Le Grand Lapidaire, ou sont
declarez les noms de Pierres orientales, avec les
Vortus et Proprietes d’icelles, et iles et pays ou
elles croissent. 12mo. Paris, 1561
Marbodseus (Gallus), De Gemmarum Lapidumque
pretiosorum formis atque viribus opusculum. 8vo.
Colon. 1593 ; 12mo. Bas. 1555 ; 12mo. Liibec,
1575
Marbodieus, Do Lapidibus prctiosis Enchiridion,
cum Sclioliis Pictorii. 4to. Wolfenhiittelce, 1740
Marco Polo, Travels of, var. ed.
Mariette (P. J.), Traitc des Pierres gravees. Fol.
Paris, 1750
Mawe (John), A Treatise on Diamonds and Preci-
ous Stones, including their History, Natural and
Commercial. To which is added some account
APPENDICES.
>
)
of the best method of cutting and polishing them.
8vo. London, 1813 <
Meineke (J. L. G.), Ueher den Chrysopras und die
denselben beglcitenden Possilien in Schlesien. \
4<to. Erlangen, 1805 j
Memoires du Regne de Catherine, Imperatrice de
Russie. Amsterdam, 1729
Mizaldus (Anton.), Memorabilium Utilium et |
Jucundorum Centuria IX. 8vo. Lutetia, 15G7 j
Mizaldus (Anton.), Secrets cle la Lune. 8vo.
Paris, 157 1
M. L. M. D. S. D., Benombrement, Faculte et |
Origine des Pierres precieuses. Post 8vo.
Paris, 1GG7 j
Mobius (K.), Die echten Perlen. 4to. j
Hamburg, 1857 i
Morales (Gasp, de), Libro de las Virtudes y Pro-
priedades maravillosas de las Piedras preziosas.
8vo. Madrid, 1605 ;
Mortimer (Cromwell, M.D.), Remarks on the Pre- |
cious Stone called the Turquois. Phil . Trans.
Abr. yiii. 324. London
Muller (J.), Nachricht von den in Tyrol entdeckten
Turmalinen, oder Aschenziehern, von Ignaz j
Edeln von Born. 4to. Wien, 1787
Natter (Laurentius), A Treatise on the Ancient
Method of Engraving Precious Stones compared
with the Modern. Eol. London, 1754
‘i
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1007
Natter (Laurentius), Catalogue cles Pierres gravees
de Mylord Comte de Besborougli. 4to.
London, 1761
Nichols (Thomas), Arcula Gemmea; or, the
Nature, Virtue, and Valour of Precious Stones,
with Cautions for those who deal in them. 4to.
Cambridge, 1652
Nichols (Thomas), Gemmarius Fidelis, or the Faith-
ful Lapidary ; experimentally describing the
richest Treasures of Nature, in an Historical
Narrative of the several Natures, Virtues, and
Qualities of all Precious Stones, with a Discovery
of all such as are Adulterate and Counterfeit.
4to. London, 1659
Nichols (Thomas), A Lapidary, or History of Pre-
tious Stones ; with Cautions for the undeceiving
of all those that deal with Pretious Stones. 4to.
Cambridge , 1652
Orpheus (1260 b.c.), Hymni et de Lapidibus, Gr.
Lat., curante A. C. Eschenbachio ; accedunt H.
Stepliani notse. Svo. Traj. ad Rh. 16S9
Palm (J. J.), Dissertatio gradualis, sistens observa-
tiones nonnullas de Lapide Obsidiano. 4<to.
Londoni Gotliorum, 1799
Panthot (Jean B.), Traitd des Dragons etdes Escar-
boucles. Small 12mo. Lyon, 1691
Paracelsus (Pliilippus Aurelius Theophrastus), Nine
Books on the Nature of Things ; into English by
J. F. 4to. London, 1650
i.
Parrot, Notices sur les Diamans do l’Oural. 4to.
Mem. de V Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, 1832
Partsch (P.), Beschreibendes Yerzeiclmiss einer
Sammlung von Diamanten und dor zur Bearbei-
tung derselben notliwendigen Apparate, etc.
Wien, 1822
Partsch (P.), Catalogue of the Geological Cabinet
at Vienna, with a Bibliographical List of Works
treating on the subjects of Geology, Oryctology,
and Palaeontology. 8vo. Vienna, 1864
Pepys (William Hasledine, Treasurer of the Geol.
Soc.), On the Quantity of Carbon in Carbonic
Acid, and on the Nature of Diamond. Phil.
Trans, p. 267, 1807 and Nidi. Journ. xix. 267.
Petzlioldt (M.), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte des
Diamantes. 8vo. Dresden und Leipzig, 1842
Petzl (J.), Ueber den glatten Beryll von Itaben-
stein im BayrisclienWalde. Abb. der Kon. Akad.
4 to. Miinchen, 1809-10
Phillips, Mineralogy, var. eel. London
Philostratus, Do Vita Apollonii, var. ed.
Piererus (G. P.), Lazulus, Dissertatio chymico-
medica. 4to. Argentorati, 1668
Pindcr, De Adamante Commentatio Antiquaria.
Berlin, 1829
Pisani (J.), Sur le Grenat octoedrique de l’llo
d’Elbe. 4to. Comptes rend, de VAcad. des
Sciences. Paris, 1862
Pliny, Ilistoria Naturalis, var. ed.
A TREATISE ON CiEMS.
1009
Pluche (l’Abbe Antoine Noel de), Spectacle de la
| Nature. 4to. Paris, 1732-39
Pole (‘ YV .), Diamonds. 8vo. Loncl. Archceol. Trans.
j London, 1861
j Porta (Giov. Baptista), Magise Naturalis Libri IY.
| Antwerp, 1561
Porta (Giov. Baptista), A Method of Knowing tlie
( Inward Virtues of Things by Inspection. Pol.
Neapoli, 1601
Porta (Giov. Baptista), Dc Distillationibus. 4to.
Pomes, 1608
| Portaleone (Abraham), Shiite Haggeborim. (The
Shields of the Mighty), ILeb.
i Mantua, a.m. 5372 (16121
Pott (M. J.), Lithogeognosie, ou Examen chymique
des Pierres et des Terres en general et de la To-
paze et de la Steatite en particulier. 8vo.
Paris, 1753
Pouget (N.), Traite des Pierres precieuses, et de la
maniere de les employer en parure. 4to.
| Paris, 1762
Prufer (Y.), Ueber die Krystalform der Lazulith.
| 4to. Naturwissensch. Abhand. JVien, 1847
Psellus (Michael Constantinus), Dc Lapidum Yirtu-
tibus, Grsece ac Latino. 8vo.
Lugduni Datavorum , 1795
Kagoumovsky (Greg. Comte dc), Distribution Tech-
| nique des Pierres precieuses, avec leurs Carac-
t6res distinctifs. 8vo. Vienne, 1825
1010
APPENDICES.
Pavius (S. F.), Specimen Arabicum, continens
clescriptionem et excerpta libri Achmeclis Teifas-
cliii ‘ De Gemmis et Lapidibus Pretiosis,’ Arabic.
Cbinesen, Kascli der Tiirken, Yescbeb derPerser, \
oder Jaspis der Alten, sein Fundort in Kliotan,
sein Yerbraucb und Handel. 8vo. Berlin, 1856
Pose (G.), TJeber den Felspatb, Labrador, etc.,
Pose (G.), De Novis quibusdam Fossilibus quae in
montibus Uraliis inveniuntur, Chrysoberillum,
Pose (G.), Das Krystallo-Cbemiscbe Mineral-sys-
Poy (0. W. van), Ansicbten iiber Entsteliung und
Yorkommen des Bernsteins, so wie praktisclie
Mittbeilungen liber den Wertb und die Beband-
lung desselben als Handelsware. 8vo.
Pudolpb (A.), Die edeln Metalle und Scbmuck-
Eue (Fran 9. de la), De Gemmis. 8vo. Parisii,
1547; 8vo. Lngd. 1622 ; 12mo. Franc. 1G2G;
12mo. Gron. 1626.
Puens (F„), De Gemmis aliquot, iis praesertim qua-
rum Divus Joannes Apostolus in sua Apocalypsi
notavit. 8vo. Paris , 1547 |
Trapetum ad Rhenum, 1784
Pegenbogen-Acliat, Yom. 4<to. Hamburg, 1780
Pliosnel, Le Mercure Indien. Paris, 1668
Pitter (C.), Der Tu-(Yu-)stein, d. i. der Tu-clii der
Gilbert. Ain.
Leipzig, 1826
Uralium, etc. 8vo.
Berolini, 1839
tern. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1852
Bantzig , 1840
steine, mit 37 Tabellen.
Breslau, 1858
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1011
Rulandus (Martinus), Medicina Practica. l2mo.
Arg. 1561
/
)
St. Laurent (Joanon de), Description abregee du
fameux Cabinet de M. le Chevalier de Baillon,
pour servir a Phistoire naturelle des Pierres prd-
cieuses, etc. Luques, 1716
Sandius (Christopher), On the Origin of Pearls.
Phil. Trans. 1671; Abr. ii. 126.
Sarmento (James Castro de, M.D.), An Account of
Diamonds found in Brazil. Phil. Trans. 1731 ;
Abr. vii. 503.
Scheerer (Th.), Ueber den Traversellit und seine
Begleiter Pyrgom, Epidot, Granat. Ein neuer
Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Plutonisclien
Erage. Bericht. der Kngl. sacks. Gesellsch. 8vo.
Leipzig , 1858
Schmid (Joachimus), De Margaritis. 4t.o.
WittebergcB, 1667 j
Schmidt (C. J.), Das Wiclitigste iiber den Opal in
Allgemeinen und iiber sein Vorkommenin Mah-
ren im Besonderen. Mittheil. d. 7c. Jc. mdhr.
schles. Gesellsch. Briinn. 1855
Schulze (PI.), Practisches Handbuch der Juwelier-
kunst und Edelsteinkunde.
Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1830
Schwarze (Christ. Aug.), De Smaragdo Veterum.
4to. Gorlicii, 1802 :
Schwarze (Christ. Aug.), De quo dam Pseudo-Sina-
ragdorum apud veteres genere. 4to.
Gorlicii, 1S03
X — o
I Scopoli (Jo.), Ant. Crystallographia Hungarica. 4to.
Prague, 1776
Serapion (John), De Medicamentis tarn simplicibus
quam compositis. Mediolanum, 1473
Slevogtii (J. H.), De Lapide Bezoar. 4to.
| Jena, 1698
Sotto (Js.), Le Lapidaire du quatorzi^me Si6cle.
| 8vo. Wien , 1862
Steinbeck, Ueber die Bernstein- Gewinnung. 8vo.
Brandenburg, 1841
Steno (Nicolaus), Prodromus to a Dissertation con-
cerning Solids naturally contained with Solids.
< London, 1671
j Strachan, Observations on Coral, large Oysters,
I Rubies, etc. Phil. Trans. 1701 ; Abr. iv. 711.
Svedenstjerna (E. Th.), Ueber den Korund zu Gel-
livara in Lapland, iibersetzt von Dr. Hessel.
Leonli. Taschenb. Franhfurt-a.-M . 1816.
Swedenstierna (E. T.), An Account of the Swedish
Corundum, from Gellivara, in Lapland. Geol.
| Trans, iii. 415, 1816.
Tavernier, Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux
Indes. 4to. Paris, 1676
Teifascite (Ahmed), Eior di Pensieri sulle Pietre
Preziose, opera stampata nel suo originale Arabo
di Ant. Raineri. 4to. Firenze, 1818
Tennant (Smithson, Esq., F.R.S.), On the Nature
of the Diamond. Phil. Trans. 1797, xviii. 97,
and Nich. Journ. i. 177, 1797.
A TllEATISE ON GEMS.
Tesoro delle Gioie, Trattato Curioso, 12mo.
Venetia , 1670
Theophrastus, De Lapidibus, etc., var. eel.
Theophrastus, History of Stones, with the Greek
Text and an English Version, and Notes Critical
and Philosophical, including the Modern History
of Gems described by that author, by Sir John
Hill. 8vo. London , 1746
Theophylacti Opera, a J. F. Bern, de Rubeis et
Borif. Finettio, Grmc. et Lat. 4 vol. fol.
Venet 1754 and 1763
Toll (Adrianus), Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia.
8vo. Lugduni , 1636
Toll (Adrianus) , Le Parfaict Joallier, ou Histoire
des Pierreries, ou sont amplement descrites leur
naissance, juste prix, etc. 8vo. Lyon , 1644
Traitd des Pierres de Thdophraste, trad, du Grec.
l2mo. Paris, 1754
Vauquelin (Citizen), Information respecting the
earth of the Beryl. Nich. Journ. ii. 393.
Vauquelin (Citizen), Analysis of the Chrysolite of
the Jewellers proving it to be Phosphate of
Lime. Nich. Journ. ii. 414.
Vauquelin (Citizen), Analysis of the Aqua Marine
or Beryl, etc. Nich. Journ. ii. 358.
Vega ( Garcilaso de la), History of the Incas,
var. ed.
Veltheiqa. (A. F. von), Etwas iiber Memnons Bild-
saule, Nero’s Smaragd, Toreutik, und die Kunst
:ht-
f. V-"
: Or-
■
i,
:. A 1
•f
: : ’ ’ y ;
1014
APPENDICES.
I©
der Alten in Stein und Glas zu’scbneiden. 8vo.
Helms tadt, 1793
Yeltbeitn (A. F. von), Etwns iiber das Onyx-Ge-
birge des Clesias und den Handel der Alten nach
Ost-Indien. 8vo. Helmstadt , 1797
Yenette (Nicolas), Traitd des Pierres. 12mo.
Amst. 1701
Yettermann (A.), Kurze Abhandlung iiber einige
der vorziiglichsten Classen der Bunten oder Ge-
farbten Edelsteine. 8vo. Dresden, 1830
Volger (G. H. 0.), Versuch einer Monograpbie des
Borazites. Hanover, 1855
Volger (G. H. O.), Epidot und Granat, Beobacb-
tungen iiber das gegenseitige Verbaltniss dieser
Krystelle. 4to. Zurich, 1855
Ur, Er. Ben. Ueber den Sarder Onyx und Sar-
donyx; also, Nacbtrag liber, etc., 1804.
Braunschweig, 1801
Wecker, or Weckerus, Antidotse speciales de Lapi-
dibus minus pretiosis alterantibus.
Wulfinii Descriptio Helmintholiti pulcberrimi versi-
coloris in marmore Corinthiaco. 4<to.
Erlangce , 1794
Zappe, Mineralogiscbc Abhandlungen. Wien, 1817
Zepliarovitcb (V. v.), Her Diamant, ein Popularer
Vortrag. 8vo. Gratz, 1862
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1015
Zerrenner (Dr. Carl), De Adamanti Dissertatio.
Zerrenner (C.), Anleitung zum Diamanten. Was-
chen aus Seifengebirge, Ufer-und Plussbett-
The following ancient Manuscripts relating to this subject are
preserved in the British Museum : —
Galamazar, Liber de virtutibus Lapidum Pretioso-
rum quem scripsit Galamazar, Thesaurarius
Regis Babylonie, ipso presenti et precipiente.
Harleian MSS. 80.
De Lapidibus, Avibus et Arboribus Indiae, Arabise,
et Africse. Marl. MSS. 80.
Lapidum Pretiosorum usus Magicus, sive de Sigil-
lis. Mar MSS. 80.
Liber Hermetis, tractans de 15 Stellis et de 15 La-
Lipsice, 1850
Stand. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1851
pidibus et de 15 Herbis et de 15 Piguris. Marl.
MSS. 80.
RAJAH RAJENDRA MULLICK7S COLLECTION
ROUGH STONES,
jlAJAH Rajendra Mullick Bahadoor, of Calcutta,
lias long been known for his love of jewels
and marbles, of which he owns a large collection.
He has caused his dwelling-house to be decorated
with marble and mosaics, on an extensive scale.
The following is a list of some of the varieties of
rough stones which he had been good enough to
send me for inspection, and which I have had
tested and identified by four of the foremost jewel-
lers of this city : —
1. Godanta.*
2. Soneli.
3. Lasunii.f
4. Pdy Zuhur.
5. Sung Gudri.
6. Dhoneli.
7. Sung Hadid.f
8. Dahun Firung.
9. Bilor.
10. Katheli.
11. Lijburud.
12. Kinclii Gori.
13. Pucci Bilor.
14. Sung Simik.
15. Gori.
16. Kinchi Bilor.
17. Pxtonii.
18. Sung Rattak.
19. Sohanmakhi.
And various others.
* Like a duck’s egg in size and appearance — a size rarely to be met
with. An excellent specimen.
t Of the new mines.
t This stone is sometimes engraved upon with the name of the
Almighty, and worn on the neck.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1017
j
j THE RING OF STRENGTH.
“ V ET a ring be formed of virgin gold on the dayct
of the sun, and in the liourJ of J upitei*, in the
I moon's increase , c wherein thou shalt place seven
precious stones, — the Diamond, the Buby, the
Emerald, the Jacynth, the Sapphire, the Beryl, and
the Topaz. Wear it about thee, and fear no man ;
for thou wilt he as invincible as Achilles.” — MSS.
of Philadelphia
From “ The Temple of Urania
BY
M. Nostradamus.
a Sunday. b 11 to 12, and 6 to 7 in the day.
c From the second day of the new moon to the time of the full.
APPENDICES.
3
^T?fT i
Synonyms for the term “ Jewel' ’
as
used in the Vedic
1
Andliah.
2
*T5T; R&jah.
3
IJ2J: Payali.
4
i{<\\ Prayah.
5
S'rabah.
6
Priksliali.
7
fifTi: Pittah.
8
Bayah.
9
fef? fp Sinam.
10
^3: Abali.
11
Ksliub.
12
^nf%: Dliasili.
13
ZXV* Iiali.
14
^T: Ilali.
15
jreffl Isliam.
16
Urkka.
17
Rasah.
18
T3W. Svadh^h.
19
j: Arkkali.
20
Ksbadmali.
21
Nemah.
22
Sasam.
23 ^rr IT: Ayuli.
v* $
24 U*mT Sunrita.
25 ?r^T Brahma.
26 ^4 : Barchchah.
27 Kilalam. j
28 331: Yas'ah.
WRT rT5TT*rrf% I
if
Sanscrit Synonyms for the
term “ Jewel”
1 Ratnam.
2 jtfw: Manih.
( i ) |
f f^rnnfsr i
Synonyms for the term “ Dia- \
mond” as used in the
Vedie ivories.
1 f^TcT Didyut.
2 Nemih.
3 Hetih. j
4 »}fi: Namah. |
5 efifa: Kabih.
6 Srikah.
7 ^eff: Brikalx.
8 Badhah.
9 cj^T: Bajrali.
10 Arkkah.
11 Kutsah.
12 Kulis'ah.
13 5 ^: Tunjah.
14 fei^?: Tigmah.
15 Menili.
16 Svadhitih.
17 Sayakali.
18 ireg: Paras 'uh.
^fa*?RT*nf*r I
if
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Diamond.”
1 Hirakali.
2 Bajrah.
3 Hirah.
4 Dadlncliyastlii.
5 Bajrakam.
A
6 SucMmukham.
C\ 'O
7 Bararakam.
8 ^-Tf^REatna-mukliyam.
•v) S
9 Indrayudham.
10 Bhiduram.
11 Kulis'am.
12 qfq: Pabili.
13 Abliedyam.
14 As'iram.
15 ?: 3 fn liatnam.
16 Drirham.
• V f—A
17 HTjfecfW Bliargavakam.
18 Shatkonam.
19 Babudliaram.
20 STcr^fe; Satakotih,
( 2 )
*TTtW^-RTf% I
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Ruby y
J Padmar^gah.
2 S'onaratnam.
3 ^f%cT^PT Loliifcakam.
4 €tf%cTE Loliitam.
5 Kuruvindakam.
6 Ratna-rafc.
7 Babi-ratnakam.
8 Manikyam.
0 S nngari.
10 P^dga-mani-
kyam.
11 cT^HT^T Tarunam.
N
12 Ratnanamakam.
13 Ragayuk.
14 gf}iirlq~r. S'onopalah.
1 5 Saugandhikam.
1020
APPENDICES.
( 3 )
$$wrpnf»r i
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Gat’s-eye.”
1 ^r^Eq'JT Yaiduryyam.
2 3T^T-T5\?T Balabayajam.
3 Ketu-ratnam.
4 Kaitavam.
5 JTT€^W. Prabrishyam.
6 Abliraroliam.
7 YW Kharavdan-
J
kuram.
8 Vidurarafcnam.
9 Yidurajam.
( 4 < )
i
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
<c Pearl P
1 jq^rr Mukta.
■j
2 Mauktikam.
3 Saumya.
4 S'auktikeyam.
5 ctTC Tai-ali.
6 cTTYT Tara.
7 Bliautikam.
8 Tautikam.
9 ^JWIUHTYR. Ambbabsaram.
10 gftcX^ITT S'ilalam.
s
11 Nirajam.
12- Naksbatram.
13 Induratnam.
14 Lakshmih.
3T or Laksbam.
15 Muktaplialam.
16 Binduplialam.
17 *?%^T Muktika.
vj
18 sf)7ff£[cfr3j Saukteyakam.
19 S'uktimanih.
20
S'as'i-prabham or S'as'i-
priyam.
21 Svacbcbhara.
22 Iiimam.
23 f m i^cHT Iiima-
balam or Hemabatam.
24 S uclb ans'ubbam .
*rei|3T or Bburuham.
C\ > *
25 S'auktikam.
26 g%fts|T[ S'ukti-vljam.
27 ^rYt Hail.
28 Kubalam.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1021
I ( & )
<
l
<
\ Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Zircon 33
$
1 Gomedab.
j £ Gomedakab.
| 3 Rahuratnam.
4 cT frjRfe Tamomanih.
| 5 Svarbhanavab.
6 fq^f^f^^iPingaspliatikali
( 6 )
I I
s Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Coral.’'
1 Vidrumah.
| £ i{ 3 T^r* Pravalab.
| 3 ^^r^Hf^-Angarakamanili.
| 4 Ambhodhi-
ballabhah.
< 5 Bhaumaratnam.
| 6 Raktangab.
| 7 Rak taka rah.
i 8 Latamanib.
>
( i r )
*T^cRT*TTf% I
Sanskrit Synonyms for the term
“ Emerald.”
1 Marakatam.
2 Garutmatam.
3 As'magarbbam.
4 Harinmanib.
5 tt Maraktam.
3 Rajamlam.
7 JPS^Tfifcf^g Garurankitam.
8 Sauparnam.
9 Rauhineyam.
10 Garurodgir-
nam 31 or
Garurottirnam.
1 1 JT ^^As'magarbha jam.
1£ Garalarih.
13 Bapabolam
or Baprabalam.
14 Budbaratnam.
15 Garuram.
( 8 )
tf^ncpPrnTTpr I
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term
“ Topaz .' 3
1 Pusbparagab.
2 Efffflife Manjumanih.
3 ^Tx^fcTcIlW: Yacliaspati-
ballabhah.
4 xftcn Pitali.
5 Pitaspliatikam.
6 Pitaraktah.
7 xft<TI3H Pitas'ma.
8 3T^^?T S Gururatnam.
9 xftcTfifili: Pitamanili.
10 Pusliparajali.
<
<
>
>
j
'>
\
{
;
/
|
\
( 9 )
I
Sanscrit Synonyms for the term |
“ Sapjihire.”
1 sfcr. Nilah.
2 Sauriratnam.
3 Nllas'ma.
4 Nilotpalali.
5 (garjjTft Trinagrahi.
6 Mahan Hah.
7 Sunilakah.
_
'
>
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1023
THE OCCULT POWERS OE GEMS
AND PRECIOUS STONES.
TN the previous general remarks on eacli kind of
precious stone, the beliefs of nations ancl indi-
| viduals as regards the marvellous and medicinal
properties of those precious stones have been given.
To the scientist as well as to the generality of men
such beliefs will no doubt appear superstitious, child-
ish and laughable. But such beliefs still continue,
and there have been men of erudition — philosophers
| and sages, in every age and in every country, who
have not thought it beneath them to make this
the subject of their ardent researches, and who
| have left behind them the written record of their
i experiences. Nowhere more than in India, the
land, par excellence, of occultism and spiritism, has
the research after the occult virtues of precious
stones been pursued, and if all the knowledge and
experience gained by munis and rishis, yogees and
sidclhis, had been preserved and handed down to the
present generation, what an insight would have
been obtained into the hidden arcana of Nature,
and into what beneficent use such knowledge and
experience could have been turned !
Modem western spiritualists have endeavoured
to discover, in the present day, what was so well
1 known in ancient times, about the hidden virtues of
;
gems. Apart from their medicinal properties, it has
APPENDICES.
#/€ r
1024 .
been ascertained that certain gems facilitate the rap-
port of certain classes of spirits with the owners of
those gems. Monsr. Cahagnet, the well-known
magnetist, obtained from his celebrated clairvoyant
Adele certain interesting informa tion on this
subject.* He thought of studying the question
thoroughly, and with that view he addressed him-
self to the spirit of Emmanuel Swedenborg,
through the assistance of Adele, when in magnetic
sleep. He sought for light from Swedenborg,
because the Swedish mystic was the most learned
mineralogist of his time, and perhaps of our time
as well. If his revelations, says M. Cahagnet,
are not more precise than those of the ancients,
they have at least the quality of novelty. Ho
wished to know the truth, if that was possible
in this life, and he therefore thought that any
means to attain that object should not be thrown
away. The following are the revelations of Sweden-
borg on this subject : —
Q. Can you give me some information on the
spiritual and material powers of certain pre-
cious stones, and tell me whether they really
possess the property of putting material man
en rapport with spirits who have been freed
from matter, or of facilitating such rapport,
and also of curing or preventing certain
diseases ?
A. I shall do my best. Question me.
* Magie Magnetique ; ParL. A. Cahagnet. — Paris, 1838.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Q-
A.
Q-
A.
"Wliat are the spiritual virtues of white Dia-
mond ? (You know that there are Diamonds
of various colors, — yellow, red, violet,
black ? &c.)
This gem is beloved by the Spirits of Light,
and consequently puts one en rapport with
them, by illumining the intelligence of those
who wear it for this purpose.
What do you think are its physical virtues ?
I have already told you : it has influence over
the intelligence, that is, it purifies the brains.
What are the spiritual properties of the
.Ruby ?
This color is loved by spirits who are ardent
in study, desiring to know much. The Ruby
influences in this way him who wears it.
And physically, what are its properties ?
It has influence on the blood.
What are the spiritual properties of Emerald ?
It is sought after by lucid spirits, and it
places one en rapport with them.
What is the physical power of the Emerald ?
The same as its spiritual powers : it illu-
mines, clears and strengthens the globe of the
material eye.
What is the spiritual power of the Sapphire ?
This gem puts one in communication with the
spirits of many societies, fond of different-
studies, but united in one society.
1026
APPENDICES.
Q. Wliat is its physical virtue ?
A. It strengthens the nervous fluid.
Q. What do you think of the spiritual power of
the Amethyst ?
A. The spirits who love this gem are less elevat-
ed and less advanced than the others. It
puts one in communication with them.
Q. What are its physical virtues ?
A. It has much influence on enlargements of the
spleen.
Q. What are the spiritual qualities of the Topaz ?
A. The wandering spirits in the sulphurous at-
mosphere of the earth are fond of it. It puts
one in communication with them.
Q. What are its physical properties ?
A. It is applicable in cases of uneasiness occasion-
ed by bile.
Q. Do you attribute any spiritual powers to the
Coral ?
A. It has those of the Ruby and agrees with
heated blood, and also with those who have
florid faces.
Q. What is the spiritual property of the Opal ?
A. It is regarded with affection by the spirits of
Peace and Quiet.
Q. What are its physical virtues ?
A. It is beneficial in cases of sleeplessness and of
too light sleep.
Q. Has the Cornelian any spiritual power ?
A. It has but little concern with spirits.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1027
Q. Has it any physical virtues ?
A. I have already said that it has several, accord-
ing to its colors. The pure white is good for
eye-diseases, that is, for growing cataract.
The pale red agrees with a feeble state of the
blood. The deep red with the heart, with
heated blood and liver diseases. Those with
specks of deep red and crimson are good for
diseases of the spleen.
It must be understood that, to be really effica-
cious, these gems should be pure, and should
be worn on the ring-finger of the left hand,
this finger being preferred to others in conse-
quence of its ramifications with the heart, which
is the seat of life. The spirit of Swedenborg
likewise affirms that the medicinal influence of \
precious stones, physically, is perceived when those
stones are in constant contact with the body, and >
not when disconnected with it. Such a ring, set
with the several kinds of stones whose virtues are
desired to be felt, cannot but be more powerful than
a ring of a single stone. j
It has further been affirmed that silver is the
best setting for Emerald, as, like the latter, silver is \
much liked by spirits of light. j
It should be remembered, however, that, in this,
as in every other thing, there are conditions to be
observed. This should not be forgotten. Twenty
individuals may, at the same time, be in possession
of the portrait of a handsome woman, but it does
1028
APPENDICES.
not follow that the woman will love all the twenty
\ possessors of her portrait. In the same way a
lapidary may possess twenty kinds of precious
stones, each having contrary influences, hut the
lapidary receives no benefit therefrom, except from
selling them as high as he can. That kind of love,
and, shall I say, worship, which the possessor of
I such a stone should have for it, as a medium of
communication with the spiritual world, is far from
his mind. He who regards it as the receptacle
of his affections and who confides to it his griefs,
[ appealing to it, by its correspondence with the spirits
who love it, in order to obtain aid and protection
from them, will find himself in a condition in
which he can hope for something.
An idea of the researches and opinion of those
who have treated on this subject will be obtained
from the following notes from the “ Magic ” of J.
B. Porta. The precious stones have here been
classified alphabetically and not according to their
value : —
Agate — Strengthens the heart. Prophylactic
against plague, and cures the bites of
venomous animals.
Amethyst — Neutralises magic incantations.
Cornelian — Ensures victory.
Chrysolite — Induces a man to repent of the faults
committed by him.
Chrysoprasus — Strengthens the sight, enlivens the
spirit, and makes a man feel free and
joyous.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
Coral — Arrests blood, keeps off evil spirits. Ac-
! Crapandine — Which is found in the head of toads,
is good for the purposes of witchcraft.
Diamond — Contends against sleeplessness, spells
and enchantments. It calms anger.
Elossite Soothes headaches.
Emerald — Cures epilepsy. In powder it arrests dy-
( sentery and cures wounds by venomous
i animals.
Galachide — Blackish stone. Secures from flies
Gedi — Brings on changes in the atmosphere.
Heliotrope — Stone unknown in our days. It is said
that it could render one invisible.
Hyascinthe — If suspended from the neck, it keeps
Jade— Alleviates pain of the kidneys. Expels
Opal — Stimulates the heart, preserves from malaria
and contagion in the air, drives away
cording to Marsile Ficin it removes
panics and protects from thunder and
hail.
and insects. Put into the mouth, it
discovers the secrets of others.
Brings rain, wind and clouds. No
one sees this stone now.
off plague and thunder, strengthens the
heart and increases riches and honors.
gravels from the bladder, and, when
worn as a charm, is a preservative
against venomous animals.
1030
APPENDICES.
despondency, prevents fainting, heart-
diseases and malignant affections.
JPerithe — Yellow stone. Cures gout.
J amenius-Lapis — Prevents miscarriage.
Stracite — Fabulous stone. Facilitates digestion.
Syrrochite — Precious stone, to which Pliny attri-
butes the power of retaining spirits
evoked.
Eagle-stone — Which is found in the nest of eagles,
discovers thiefs and accelerates child-
birth.
While on this subject, it will not be out of place
to give the following extract from that valuable
and really wonderful work entitled “ Art Magic ;
or Mundane, Submundane and Super-mundane
Spiritism.” Edited by Emma Hardinge Britten.
“ The splendid array of experiments by which
Baron Yon B,eichenbach has, within the last half
century and under the most stringent test condi-
tions, proved that magnetic emanations streamed
from shells, stones and crystals, displaying different
degrees of force and different shades and color,
form and radiance, supplement the opinions of the
most authoritative writers of different ages on the
same subject.
“ That all metals and crystalline bodies give off
magnetic force, is now proved beyond question ;
that they are capable of producing somnambulic
or ecstatic effects in different degrees, Yon Eeichen-
bacli’s experiments, with over a hundred and fifty
!
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1031
sensitives, liave abundantly demonstrated ; lienee
we may be justified in regarding with some in-
terest the classification of the different qualities
of minerals and precious stones, put forth by
Rabbi Benoni, a learned writer of the fourteenth
century, said to be one of the most profound
Alchemists of his time, who alleges that * the
loadstone, sapphire and diamond are all capable
I of producing somnambalism, and when combined
into a talisman, attract such powerful planetary j
spirits, as render the bearer almost invincible.’ \
All precious stones, when cut with smooth surfaces
and intently gazed upon, are capable of producing
I somnambulism in the same degree as the crystal,
also of inducing visions.
“ Their varieties of color prove that they absorb
different degrees of light, and they are said to im-
I part unequal degrees of heat. The Buddhists
esteemed the sapphire above all gems, claiming
that it produces tranquillity of mind, and when
worn by one wholly pure and devoted to God, en-
sures protection against disease, danger, and venom-
i ous reptiles. \
“ Orpheus exalts the virtues of the loadstone al-
most as highly as did Paracelsus that of the mag- j
net. The former says : ‘With this stone you can \
hear the voices of the gods, and learn heavenly \
| things. I
“ ‘ It will confer strength, banish disease, and, \
when worn constantly about the person, ward off j
1032
APPENDICES.
epidemics and plagues. Sitting down before it and
fixing your gaze earnestly upon it, you Lave but
to ask of the gods for light on any subject, and
the answer will come breathed out through the
stone. Your soul will hear it, and your senses
will discover it clearly.’ Orpheus says of stones
in general : ‘The earth produces every good and
! evil to man, but she also provides a remedy for
every ill. These are to be found chiefly in stones.
Every virtue is hidden within them.’
“ Benoni affirms that the diamond will deprive
the loadstone of its virtue, and is the most power-
ful of all stones to promote spiritual ecstasy.
Amongst a variety of similar aphorisms he says :
* The Agate quenches thirst if held in the mouth,
and soothes fever.
‘The Amethyst banishes the desire for drink,
and promotes chastity. )
‘The Garnet preserves health and joy.
‘ The Sapphire impels to all good things like the
diamond. i
‘The red Coral is a cure for indigestion, when
worn constantly about the person.
* Amber is a cure for sore-throat and glandular
swellings.
‘The Crystal promotes sweet sleep and good
dreams.
‘ The Emerald promotes friendship and constancy
of mind. j
& ... 3 &
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1033
‘ The Onyx is a demon imprisoned in stone, who
wakes only of a night, causing terror and disturb-
ance to sleepers who wear it. !
* The Opal is fatal to love, and sows discord
between the giver and receiver.
* The Topaz is favorable for all licemorrhages, and
imparts strength and good digestion.’
“We give these quaint aphorisms not as guides or
scientific indications, but to show the ideas which
the latent powers of magnetic bodies suggested to
observers of natural forces.”
It is sincerely to be hoped that, as science and
philosophy march hand in hand towards sublime
development, things which -were known to our
forefathers and to the wise of ancient times, and
which lie buried within the ponderous debris of ]
ignorance, bigotry and unbelief, will gradually be
brought to light, and that, along with other won-
ders, the hidden properties of precious stones will
be made clear, as the hidden powers of light and
electricity have been made clear to the students of
modern science and to the world.
>
I
APPENDICES.
JRft*T^T-
*r#taTf*r
5TT?TTf% I
List of works consulted .
1 Vedanigliantu.
£ ^q?;: Amarah.
3 yKofqcfrigr. Bhavaprakas'ali.
4 Rajanirgliantah.
5 S'abdaratnavali
6 Medini.
7 Trikandas'eshah.
8 Garurapurapam.
9 Hemachandrah.
10 Rajaballabhali.
11 Yuktikalpa-
o
taruh.
12 Jyotistattvam.
13 5JHITJ?;: Jatadharali.
14 *W51*T<tR: Sam ay ap r adl p ah .
15 TTg^ifa^fiTflfan Muliurtta-
cliintamamh.
16 Bralimapuran^m.
17 n^giZTCrq Padmapuranam.
18 Vislniupuranam.
19 f^TTCIinq S'ivapuranam.
> "
20 Bliagavatam.
Narada-
puranam.
Markkas- '
deyapurtfnam.
Agnipuranam. j
Bliavisliya- \
puranam.
Bralima- \
vaivai-ttapuranam.
f^f^CUnTT Lingapuratjam. \
gjrx^grunfj Varabapuranam. I
Skandapuranam. !
Yamanapuranam ’
Kdraimapuraiiam . :
Matsyapuranam.
Brahmanda- j
puranam.
Yayupuranam. <
Nrisinha- j
puranam.
Nandi- j
kes'varapuranam.
Devipuranam.*'
KtflikS- j
pur in am.
S 'a mbapuranam . ;
BYIWTWY_^Iahabliaratam j
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1035
40 smgiST HWnNft Satkritya
" VJ
muktavali.
41 TJRTSW R^mayanam.
4^ ^TSITfJT Adytftma
v
Ram^yanam.
43 f^cTr Charakasanhit£.
44 Sus'rutam.
45 fi^T?OT Nidanam.
46 Ratna Parikslia.
47 Pawakih-i-Hind.
48 Precious Stones and Gems.
Ry Edwin W. Streeter, f.
K. g. s.
49 The Science of Gems,
Jewels, Coins, and Medals,
Ancient and Modern. By
Archibald Billing, M. d.,
A.M., F.R.S., F.R.G.S.,
F.R.M.S.
50 Gems and Jewels. By Ma-
dame De Barrera.
51 Diamonds and Precious Ston-
es. By Harry Emanuel,
F.R.G.S.
52 The Natural History of
Precious Stones and of the
Precious Metals. By C.W.
King, M. a.
53 A Treatise on Diamonds
and Pearls. By David
Jeffries, Jeweller.
54 Rudimentary Treatise on
Mineralogy. ByD.Varley.
The Natural History of
Gems or Semi-precious
Stones. By C. W. King,
M. A.
The Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica.
The Races of Mankind.
By R. Brown, M. a.,
Ph. D., F. L. s., F. R. G. S.
Magie Magnetique. Par
L. A. Cahagnet.
Art Magic ; or Mundane,
Sub- mundane and Super-
mundane Spiritism. Edited
by Emma Hardinge Brit-
ten.
Rees's Encyclopaedia.
Tebbe Nabi-o-tibbul Aem-
m4.
Munl£yi£ Huzruhu tay-
yud Ebn-e-zukri^.
Munafeul Hyowtfn.
Kamel-ul-Advia.
Minhuzul Avdan dur
Ad viS - e- muruc cub £ .
Tazkera Shekhuzzaki.
Tafsfr Abu-ab- Hindi dur
Advia-e-mufreda.
Tazkaretul Kohalin.
Munfudussumum jalinoose
dur Advia-e-mufreda.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
6 /
68
69
1036
APPENDICES.
: 70 Sharehe Kanoon may-e-
Advia-e-mu£reda talif
liukeem gilanl.
| 71 Ekhtiarat Ebn-e Ba-el
dur Aksame Tibbe Advia
| 72 Jame-e Ebne-betar.
73 Shareha Maujoooz Mustu-
mulbur Fenun tibbe Ad-
via.
< 74 Hywan.
j 75 Samel Hindi.
\ 76 Ektiarat-e-budi ooi.
! 77 Sliafa ool Aslikan Mustu-
mulbur A'dvia-o-A'kzia-
-e-mufreda-o-muruceaba,
ogyrahali.
j 78 Javn-e-Feroz Sliahi Mus-
tumulber Fanoon -e-teb - o -
Tafsir A'sami A'dvia-e-
baftd Hindi.
< 70 Muklitaser-e-A'zdi Mustu-
mulbur Fanoon-e-teb.
\ 80 Tufsera.
< 81 Sham-e-lool A'dvia ebn-e-
zakeria.
| 82 Turbihool Anva Mustumul-
bur Fanoon-e-teb-o A'd-
via.
< 83 Mugni-ebn-e-tulmiz.
| 84 Tatif.
\ 85 Herasool Hywan.
\ 86 Bdharool Jawaher-dur-£d-
via-e-mufrcda.
>
87 Hadiyel A'dvia.
88 Ma-ala Isa-oo-tayib jo- j
hold mushur-o- jam-e-bog- j
dadi. |
89 Mufreda turjuma-e Mu- ;
shurrut durfanoon-e-male- j
jut-o-advia.
90 Hadi-e-kabir-ebn-e zu- |
kuna. $
91 Jam-e-Sayyud Skarifud- j
din Mahomud Yusuf. J
92 Kef ay a. j
93 Kanoon Shekhurraes-ba- \
Shurhe-oo. \
94 Jam-e-advia aboo-daood. j
95 Turjuma-e-mustejaok.
96 Makulate Hosain Ebn-e- |
Isahak dur Tahakik A'd- \
via-o-A'sami-e Advia-e j
-mufreda. j
97 Turjama-e-m£here Hindi. /
98 Tukbimool Advia.
99 Kenas Bokraii.
100 Kenas Mosbun-e-Saiy£r.
101 Kenas Ebn-e- Sarafiool.
102 Kenas fakhera,
103 Kenas Saber.
l n 4 Kenas Bukktastiya jub- \
resil.
105 Asul-e-tarkib Khujnadi.
106 Kenas Nazibuddm Sam- \
arcandi. \
107 Nuztabai Samarcandi.
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1037
108 Tulkhistil Bayan.
109 Khawasul Ad via juldaldh.
110 Kholasatyuttujaroob.
111 Alw£n Erake Kowastil
Ajib fis Sanasa.
112 Murmoojat juldaki dur
Sanay^t.
113 Sududdu jahur fih tushri-
hil muksub Sanay^t.
114 May^din dur Sanay£fc.
115 Tejurruba Sanayat.
116 K£melussan£ye.
117 Tibbe Soh£yi Mustamuebur
malejat-o-advid-e-muf-
reda.
118 Kitabiil Asrtfr dur Sanay
rft.
119 Amtflool Ekht£fi £lestar.
120 Tahiyet.
121 Ker&b£din Abi Sadek.
122 Ker£b£din Sabet.
123 Ker£b£din.
124 Ker&b£din Kabir.
125 Moorseidibne jekeri£.
126 A1 Ershad may-e Amir
Jalinoos.
127 Izbomi£ J&linoos Turjam£-
e-Ebn-e Sani.
128 Men S£az dur advi£-e-
mufredd,.
129 Eksir£zum.
And several others.
1038
APPENDICES.
List of Gentlemen from whom the Author has j
received help in the getting of the
Manimdld. j
J. E. Caithness, Esq.
0. C. Dutt, Esq.
Messrs. Hangpo & Co., Chinese Eirrn at Calcutta.
Pundit Bamprasanna Srutiratna.
„ Upendra Mohun Gosvami. ;
„ Kalinatli Acharjee (Nyayabhusan).
Kabiraj Bamanath Sen. \
„ Chunder Coomar Sen.
„ Eadhikanatli Sen.
Major Bissonath Upadhaya, of Nepaul.
Babu Baikunthanatha Basu.
„ Giridhari Lai J ahari.
„ Jahar Lai Mokeem.
„ Jahar Lai Jahari.
„ Thakurdas Jahari.
„ Sohunlal Jahari.
,, Kanayelal Jahari.
„ Math-ulam Jahari.
„ Basanta Coomar Hazra.
Moulvie Sayyid Nazir Ahmud, of Chittagong.
„ Sheik Sumiruddin, of Pubna.
Mokho Mia Sbalieb, of Mandalay.
Moulvie Abdool Huq, of Afganisthan.
Sayyid Abbas, of Egypt.
Ahmud Sadkatullah Shaheb, of Ceylon ; and
several others.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
I beg of ray readers to bear up with me yet
awhile, and to pardon me, if, before bringing to a
conclusion my self-imposed task, I take them back
to the days when I Avas but a little child. The
memories of bye-gone times are crowding thick
upon me, and through the long vista of departed
years I can see myself sitting on the lap of my
gentle mother, while she amused me by trying to
impress on my mind the names of different kinds of
precious stones. It was thus that my love for, and
knowledge of, gems grew apace. Perhaps the
narration will seem dry to my readers, but to me
the remembrance of those innocent days is full of
pleasantness, and I would, therefore, again beg
them to bear up with me yet awhile. I remem-
ber I was six or seven years old, when my revered
mother used to gladden my boyish heart with pre-
sents of finger-rings, set with jewels of no great
value. She taught me the name of each gem. “ This
yellow stone,” she would tell me, “ is Pukhraj”
(Topaz) ; “that piece of red stone is a Mdnik
(Ruby) — Mdnik , the wealth of seven kings.” “ This
is called a Cat’s-eye,” and so on. I was some-
how inordinately fond of the Topaz and the Cat’s-
eye, and would stop crying when I got them.
These two rings, I may mention in passing, are
still in my possession, and have been very carefully
preserved. My mother understands the identifi-
cation of precious stones thoroughly, and as she
1040
APPENDICES.
is also well educated iu oilier respects, I liad an
intelligent and experienced teacher in such matters.
She is in about the 74th year of her age, and
her eyes are not now what they were. She can,
however, give a very correct opinion on the
genuineness or otherwise of a stone, and accurately
judge of its qualities, as soon as it is placed in her
hands.
Prom her too I learnt to he cautious when pur-
chasing jewelry. I remember that, in order to
guard me against being imposed upon by dealers of j
precious stones, she would frequently remind me of \
the trick which a certain Jewish jewel-merchant
had played upon my uncle, the late Baboo Soorjee
Coomar Tagore, by palming upon him, at a very
high price, two bits of colored glass ingeniously
pasted together, and made to appear exactly like \
Emerald. Having this wholesome lesson in my
mind, I am careful in deciding upon the merits of j
gems and precious stones which are brought to me
for sale or opinion, and I would advise every one
to do the same.
About 30 years ago, the time when I had been
taking my first lessons in jewelry from my respect-
ed mother, the rage for gems and precious stones i
was high among the aristocracy of Calcutta. In
those days the native nobility used to invest a
goodly portion of their income in valuable jewels.*
* In former years jewelled Kundalas (ear-rings), Kunthds (necklaces), Bdjus
(armlets), Balds (bangles), pearl-cliains, and Seerpaiches (aigrettes) used exten-
sively to be worn by the nobility and wealthy gentlemen of Bengal as well
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
1041
Jewellers came to the metropolis in larger num-
bers from the North-Western Provinces of India,
with splendid assortments of gems and precious
stones, and found profitable market for them here.
Their constant attendance on the wealthy gentle-
men of the town brought about a sort of inti-
macy between them and their noble customers, and
the latter had thus ample opportunities of learning
a great deal about jewels and their qualities. A
respectable jeweller, in the olden times, was consi-
dered fit company, and the brilliant gatherings in
the bytuckhanas of native noblemen always counted
one or two of the trade among those present. By
constant association Avitli them, some of the leading
members of the native nobility became pe rfect
connoisseurs of gems and jeAvels. Among these
may be mentioned the names of the late Rajahs
Baidyanath Boy and Kally Kissen Deb Baliadoor,
the late Baboos Ivassinath Mullick, Birnursing
Mullick and Sibnarain Ghose, the late Coomar
Kally Kissen Roy, and Baboo Sreenarain Bysack.
My much revered father, the late Baboo Hurro
Coomar Tagore, was also a good judge of jewels, and
he, likewise, took pains to initiate me into their mys-
teries, Avlien I was a little further advanced in age.
as of other parts of India. Such is not the fashion now in this province,
where only bridegrooms are seen to wear the above-mentioned ornaments over
their magnificent dresses. The Seerjpaich, which generally forms an item iu
the Jchilats presented to the titled nobility of the laud by Government, is
still used by them on the occasion of State ceremonies. Finger-rings, attar-
dans, p&n-dans, flower-vases, scabbards and handles of swords, &c., set with
precious stones, continue to be used by the rich. Jewelled watch-chains and
studs, however, are more in vogue now than in former days. The ornaments
used by native ladies of rank have undergone very little change.
104a
APPENDICES.
Prem Chand Jaliari and Purun Chand Jaliari, two
of tlie highest authorities of that time in the
matter of jewelry, were in constant attendance on
him. My respected brother, the Hon’ble Maharajah
Joteendro Mohun Tagore, c.s.i., has considerably
helped me in improving my knowledge. A piece
of Sapphire possessed, apparently, of all the requi-
site qualities of a perfect stone of that description,
w r as once brought for sale to my uncle, the late
Baboo Gopal Lai Tagore, by a Cingalese merchant.
Baboo Gopal Lai, who had great faith in the know-
ledge of jewelry possessed by my respected bro-
ther, had this Sapphire sent to him for inspection
and opinion. To the surprise of all, my brother
at once pronounced the stone to be a counterfeit
one, and corroborated his bold verdict by satisfac-
tory practical proofs.
With the growth of age, my taste for gems took
a wider sphere, and I began to feel the want of
written works, which gave definite accounts of pre-
cious stones, the mode of testing them, the way to
find out their defects and imperfections, and such
other matters as could materially help one in attain-
ing a pretty correct knowledge of the “ science” of
jewelry. I hunted for Sanscrit books devoted exclu-
sively to the subject of precious stones, and hunted
for a good long time in vain. Some time after, I
came across a work entitled the “ Ratnaparilcshd”
which I procured from the Library of the Asiatic
Society, Calcutta. This book, though written in
A TREATISE ON GEMS,
1043
Sanscrit, liad notes attached to it in the Cingalese
language, and these notes, therefore, came to he of
very little practical use to me. About this time,
Baboo Jahar Lai Jaliari ( jeweller), of Calcutta, gave
me much information on the subject. But I
was curious to know something of what European
jewellers have written about precious stones, and
had to procure from England the works extant on
this subject, there being none available here at
the period. "With the help of Baboo Jahar Lai
Mokeem, my knowledge about jewels increased. It
gave me much pleasure to compare the views
enunciated in the English works with those
of modern jewellers, and it was, at this time,
that the idea of compiling a book, which I had
entertained in my mind from a very early period of
my life, commenced to assume a definite shape. The
Par anas and the medical and astrological works
of the Hindus have thrown a flood of light on
the subject, and it became my earnest endeavour to
profit by it. The Persian and Arabic works on
jewelry that were in my possession helped me to
a material extent in obtaining an insight into
the views of the Mahomedan authorities. The ma-
terials now in hand having been considered sufficient
to start a work with, I employed myself in putting
them together with a view to publication. Eresh
light, important as well as interesting, began to pour
in from all sides, and I eagerly took advantage of
the new materials thus furnished to me. Latterly, j
1044
APPENDICES.
Bobu Giridhari Lai, a well-known jeweller, at
present of Calcutta, assisted me in giving anything
like a definite shape to the crude views of modern
jewellers, that have been traditionally handed down
from generation to generation. I have succeeded
in collecting the names by which the people of
Burmah, China, Nepaul, Afghanistan, and some
other oriental countries, designate some of the prin-
cipal jewels, and have inserted them in the body
of the work, along with other information, obtained
personally from them, on the jewels in use in their
respective countries.
I am grateful also to Mr. Caithness, of the firm
of Messrs. Cooke and Kelvey, jewel merchants of
Calcutta, and to several native jewellers, for the
identification of many of the stones and for general
help.
Through the kind help of my esteemed friend,
Mr. 0. C. Dutt, I have been able to add a new
feature to my work, namely, an account of the
occult powers of gems from a spiritualist’s point of
view. My grateful acknowledgments are due to
him for the translation from the Trench and certain
other extracts furnished to me.
My acknowledgments are also due to the authors
and compilers of the several works, to the editors
of magazines and newspapers which I have had
to consult while engaged in getting up this work,
and from which I have sometimes given copious
extracts and reproduced illustrations. I have
A TREATISE ON GEMS.
already given a list of all the works which have
supplied me with materials for the present compila-
tion, and I take this opportunity of expressing the
sense of my gratefulness to any gentleman, pro-
fessional or amateur, and to the compiler of any
work, or the editor of any journal or newspaper, —
not enumerated in the list given, — from whom I
have received help in connection with the present
work.
It only remains for me to express a hope that
this work, which I have attempted my best to
render useful to those for whom it is intended, will
be of practical help to them, in testing, valuing
and identifying precious stones, and other jewels,
and ascertaining various important facts regarding
them. I trust also that it will be found quaintly-
interesting and curious by the general reader.
Ill
m
m S3
wm
stt firc^re snfrs^%: ii”
— And, if among numerous sliort-comings, tlie
learned find even some merit (in the work), may
I find favor in their eyes for the same, — is the
prayer I prefer with my hand upon my head. —
Printed by I, C . Bose & Co., Stanhope Press, 249 , Bow-Bazar
Street , Calcutta .
3
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